ciated with it are two other cells called synergids (helpers). This group of three cells is called the egg apparatus. At the opposite end of the sac is a group of sterile cells, usually three in number, and called the antipodal cells. More centrally placed in the sac is the seventh cell, that has been formed by the fusing of two cells, and, after the fertilization of the egg, is to develop the endosperm (nutritive tissue of the seed). This cell is called the "definitive nucleus" or "primary endosperm nucleus." Before fertilization, the pollen grain containing the male plant is transferred by the wind or by insects to the stigma (receptive region of the pistil), the process of transfer being called pollination (q.v.). After pollination the pollen tube is developed, which penetrates the pistil and finally reaches the ovule, carrying in its tip the two male cells or sperms. The tip of the tube then enters the micropyle, crowds its way to the egg, and discharges its contents. One sperm passes to the egg and fuses with it, this act being called fertilization. The other sperm has recently been observed to pass on in the sac and fuse with the endosperm nucleus; but it remains to be seen how general this phenomenon, called double fertilization, may be in the group.

ANGLAISE, äN'glāz'. An English country dance (contredanse), in 2-4, 3-4, or 3-8 time. It is gay, and probably originated in the older form of the French rigaudon. See RIGADOON.

AN'GLE (Lat. angulus, `a corner, Gk. άykúλos, ankylos, bent). One of the common geometric concepts. If two lines meet, they are said to form an angle, the lines being called the arms, sides, or legs, and the point of meeting the vertex of the angle. The size of the angle is determined by the amount of turning necessary to carry a moving radius from one arm to the other, and hence is independent of the. length of the arms.

If the arms of an angle are in the same straight line on opposite sides of the vertex, a

An embryo sac (e), showing the young embryo (w), encells (a).

dosperm cells (2), and the three disorganizing antipodal

the other two cells are the sperms. The embryo sac within the ovule, which represents a single unshed spore, produces within itself a group of cells, usually seven in number, which represent a reduced female plant. In the end of the sac toward the micropyle (the opening left by integument) the single egg is situated, and asso

straight angle (fig. 1) is formed; half of a straight angle is called a right angle (fig. 2); two straight angles equal a perigon or angle of 360° (fig. 3). Angles are also conceived exceeding 360°; thus an angle of 720° is described when a screw is turned twice around. An angle between 0° and 90° is said to be acute (fig. 4); one between 90° and 180°, obtuse (fig. 5); one between 180° and 360°, reflex (fig. 6). Angles are considered as positive if generated by a radius moving counter-clockwise, and negative

if the radius moves clockwise. If the arms are straight, the angle is said to be rectilinear; if curved, curvilinear; if arcs of great circles on a sphere, spherical. Curvilinear angles have the same measure as the rectilinear angles formed by tangents to the curves at the vertex. If two planes meet, they are said to form a dihedral (Gk. two-seated) angle; this has the same measure as the rectilinear angle formed by two lines in the planes that are perpendicular to the line of intersection of the planes. If three or more planes meet in one point, they are said to form a solid angle, the measure of which is the ratio of the intercepted surface to the entire surface of any sphere having the vertex of the angle as its centre. solid angle is trihedral, tetrahedral, etc., according as it is formed by 3, 4, etc., planes. For the various attempts made to define the simple concept angle, consult Schotten, Inhalt und Methode des planimetrischen Unterrichts (Leipzig, 1893).

ANGLE, FACIAL. See ANTHROPOMETRY.

A

AN'GLER (The name alludes to its seeming to "angle" for its prey; see below). A singularly ugly and voracious marine fish (Lophius piscatorius), also known as goose-fish, monk-fish, all-mouth, and fishing-frog. It is of the order Pediculati, chiefly characterized by the greatly elongated carpel bones, which form a kind of arm supporting the pectoral fins. The angler is a large fish, three to five feet in length, having the large, flattened head with its wide mouth and projecting lower jaw, and the anterior part of the body, greatly out of proportion to the posterior tapering part. The three anterior spines have become widely separated from the dorsal fin, and shifted forward onto the head, where the most anterior is much elongated, barbel-like, and fleshy at the tip. It is by the brilliant color of this and other worm-like appendages about the mouth that the fish is said to attract smaller fishes and thus make them easy prey. The name goose-fish refers to the popular belief that it will seize geese and other swimming birds. It is a very hardy fish, and does not suffer from being out of the water as readily as most fishes. It -occurs on the European shores, and on the American coast from Nova Scotia to the Barbadoes.

Some deep-sea fishes of a closely related family

(Antennariida) are sometimes included under the same name, and apparently have similar habits. See FROG-FISH, and plate of ANGLERS AND BATFISH.

AN'GLES. A Low German tribe who occupied the district of Angeln in Schleswig-Holstein, and extended to the west as far as the North Sea. With the Jutes and the Saxons, the Angles passed over in great numbers to Britain during the fifth century, and settled in East Anglia, Northumbria, and Mercia. From them England derives its name (Lat. Anglia, A. S., Engla-land). After these migrations from Schleswig, the Danes from the north entered the deserted districts, and mingled with the Angles who remained there. The German lan

guage and manners were afterward introduced by immigrant nobles from Holstein, and prevailed among the higher classes; but until the nineteenth century the Danish was still generally spoken by the common people. During the nineteenth century the German gained the ascendency. The modern Angles are of a more passive disposition than the Frieslanders and the people of Ditmarschen, and religious sentiment is very strongly manifested among them. The district called Angeln extends from the Schlei on the south to the Flensburg hills on the north, contains about 330 square miles, and a population of about 38,000. Kappeln is the chief town. The name has no political or administrative significance. Consult Erdmann, Über die Heimat und den Namen der Angeln (Upsala, 1891).

ANGLESEY, ǎn'gl'-se, or ANGLESEA (A. S. Angles ég, the Angles island). A county and island of Wales, separated from the mainland by the Menai Strait (Map: Wales, B 3). Its length is about 20 miles, breadth about 17, coast line about 80, area 275 square miles. The county is divided into three districts, called cantrefs, each subdivided into two cwmwds. The market towns are Amlwch (a flourishing little seaport of 5306 inhabitants), Beaumaris (q.v.), the county town, Holyhead (q.v.), Llangefni, and Llanerchy-medd. Pop., 1891, 50,098; in 1901, 50,590. The surface is generally flat, and the soil of indifferent fertility and only partially cultivated, by far the largest part being under pasture. The principal products are wheat, barley, oats, and potatoes. The mineral deposits of the island are still important, though not so extensive as 100 years ago, when the Parys and Mona copper mines were considered the most productive in England. Among the minerals the most important at present are copper, lead, silver, marble, limestone, asbestos, and coal. The island is connected with the mainland by one suspension bridge and the Britannia tubular bridge on the route of the Chester and Holyhead Railway. The island is traversed by two railway lines. There are still to be found some ancient relics of Druidism, which once flourished on the island. The Welsh language is largely spoken by the peasantry. Consult H. L. Jones, "The Mediæval Antiquities of Anglesey," in Volume V., Archæological Journal (London, 1844).

ANGLESEY, HENRY WILLIAM PAGET, first marquis of (1768-1854). A British general and

statesman. He was educated at Oxford and entered Parliament in 1790. He commanded a reputation as a cavalry officer in the Peninsu volunteer corps in Flanders, and acquired a high lar War. At the battle of Waterloo, where he commanded the British cavalry, he lost a leg. On his return to England he received a vote of thanks from Parliament, and was made Marquis of Anglesey. In 1828 he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland at a period when that country was greatly agitated over the question of Catholic emancipation. This he at first opposed, but afterward advocated it, and in consequence was recalled by Wellington in 1829. He was again appointed to the same office under Lord Grey's administration in 1830; but his coercive measures destroyed his popularity, and he resigned his position in 1833. He founded the Irish Board of Education. In 1846 he was promoted a field-marshal.

ANGLESITE, ăn glê-sīt. A lead sulphate that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and occurs in white, light-yellow, green, and sometimes blue colors. It is formed as a result of the decomposition of galena, and was originally found in Anglesea, England, whence its name; it also occurs in Cornwall, Derbyshire, and Cumberland; at various localities in the Hartz; in Hungary; and in the United States, at Phenixville, Pa., at various points in the Missouri lead mines, at Rossie, N. Y., and elsewhere. Anglesite is useful as an ore of lead (q.v.). .

AN'GLEWORM'. An earthworm, when used as fish-bait. See EARTHWORM.

AN'GLIA, EAST. A kingdom founded by the Angles before the middle of the sixth century, in the eastern part of central England, comprising the modern counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and equivalent in extent to the modern see of Norwich. It was somewhat dependent on Kent; but about 654, Anglia fell under the sway of Mercia, and so continued till Egbert, King of Wessex, conquered Mercia and East Anglia, in 825. Alfred the Great gave Anglia to the Danes under Guthrum in 878; but Edward, his son and successor, forced the Danes to acknowledge him in 921. Anglia soon became a part of the West Saxon kingdom.

AN'GLICAN. Belonging to the Church of England or to the other churches in communion with it, in Scotland, Ireland, and the United States. The term is sometimes applied to the High Church party. See ANGLICAN COMMUNION, and ENGLAND, CHURCH OF.

A term com

ANGLICAN COMMUʼNION. ing to be recognized as the semi-official title of the now world-wide body which is in communion with the Church of England (q.v.) as represented in its centre of unity, the see of Canterbury. It is only in comparatively recent years that this body has come to have anything like a concrete existence, which by the logic of events is crystallizing more and more, in contradiction though it be to the famous Branch Theory on which the claims of the body to be considered a part of the Catholic or Universal Church are based. Its component parts are the Episcopal Churches of England, Scotland, Ireland, the British colonies, and the United States, with a few sporadic organizations on similar lines in the Latin countries. It coheres loosely by means of general agreement in worship and terms of communion, and as an integral body is represented by its bishops from all parts of the world in the Lambeth Conference (q.v.) at irregular intervals.

AN'GLIN, MARGARET (1876-). An American actress, daughter of the Hon. T. W. Anglin, who at the time of her birth, at Ottawa, Canada, was Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons. After studying at the Empire School of Dramatic Acting (New York City), she made her début at New York in Shenandoah in 1894. Among her rôles were Roxane, in Richard Mansfield's presentation of Cyrano de Bergerac (1898); Mimi, in The Only Way (1899); Mrs. Dane, in Mrs. Dane's Defence (1900); and Mabel Vaughn in The Wilderness (1901). Consult Strang, Famous Actresses of the Day in America (Boston, 1899).

re

AN'GLING (A. S. angel, fish-hook, akin to Engl. angle, a corner, bend). The term angling has, by common understanding, become stricted to the catching of fish as a source of recreation, while the word fishing expresses it as a commercial enterprise. The term "angle" and its cognate words in most languages are limited to the hook; but it is quite clear that in Anglo-Saxon the word includes as well the line and rod; a definition probably suggested by the position a rod and pendent line take when being used for bait fishing, at which time they form a right angle. Shakespeare refers to the angle in the sense of rod, line, and hook in Antony and Cleopatra, and he had good historic basis for selecting angling as a recreation in Egypt, for the mural paintings of the Egyptians make it clear that angling was a favorite pastime of their men of rank. So accurately is the spawning of fish described in the Bundahish, a Pahlavi work relating to the creation, as to suggest the existence of angler naturalists among the followers of Zoroaster. Both Greeks and Romans pursued angling for diversion's sake. Many allusions in classical authors justify the inference that the idea expressed by our word sportsman had defined shape in antiquity. From Homer to Oppian there were piscatory poets, who dwelt on the exciting delights of the craft. Oppian's Halieutica, a poem of the second century A.D., treats of the natural history of fishes, and of the fishing methods of the ancients. The perfect angler is herein defined as "a well-made, active man, patient, vigilant, enterprising, courageous, and full of expedients;" and his outfit is summed up in a couplet

"The slender woven net, the osier creel,

The tapering reed, the line, and barbed steel."

The earliest mention of fly-fishing occurs in the Epigrams of Martial, wherein is sung the rising of the wrasse "decoyed by fraudful flies;" but Elian, the author of a zoology, written about 200 A.D., gives a consummate description of this method of taking a certain species of trout as practiced by the Macedonians. From the angling pictures of Ausonius in the fourth century, there is, with the exception of a brief allusion in Piers Fulham, written about the year 1420, a break in the literature relating to this subject, until we reach the interesting work of Dame Juliana Berners, prioress of Sopwell NunneryA Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle, printed in England in 1496. This treatise presents detailed instructions for the manufacture of tackle, gives faultless directions for fly-fishing, and describes minutely "xij flyes wyth wyche ye shall angle to ye trought & grayllying." The flies have been tied by a modern expert, in accordance with the directions given in the treatise, and they do credit to the taste of the first English authoress. Leonard Mascall's A Booke of Fishing with Hooke & Line (1590), the next work of impertance in English, is largely a reproduction of the essay of the literary prioress. The Secrets of Angling, a delightful poem by John Dennys, appeared in 1613, and in 1651 Thomas Barker's The Art of Angling, the first work in which the reel is recognized as essential to success in the capture of large fish with rod and line. Two years later, Walton's The Compleat Angler; or, the Contemplative Man's Recreation, was given to the world. It was of this book that Charles