150 A.D.). The second work is mainly an imaginary narrative represented as having been told by two men raised from the dead at the time of the crucifixion (comp. Matt. xxvii. 52-53). (3) Other works, more nearly like the canonical Gospels, were especially favored in particular circles or localities. The Gospel of the Hebrews, probably the same as the Gospel of the Nazarenes, was one of the earliest gospel-books. It was probably a secondary form in Aramaic of the Aramaic original of our canonical Greek Matthew, written perhaps as early as A.D. 100 for the use of the Aramaic-speaking Christians of Palestine and Syria. The later JewishChristian sect of the Ebionites had a gospel called The Gospel of the Twelve, written in Greek, probably not earlier than A.D. 200, and heretical in tendency. A Gospel of the Egyptians

was in existence in the latter half of the Second Century. It was probably used in the country districts of Egypt. (4) Other gospels claimed apostolic authorship. The mos mportant of such is the Gospel of Peter. Serapion, Bishop of Antioch, A.D. 190-211, discovered that this work was in use among the Christians of his diocese. Its use was neither approved nor severely condemned by the orthodox bishop. A large fragment of this gospel was discovered in Egypt in 1885 and published in 1892. Though written early, certainly in the Second Century, it seems never to have been used as an authoritative gospel in the regular Church service. It is somewhat heretical in tendency. A Gospel or Traditions of Matthias (another name for Zacchæus, the publican), was known to Origen. This, with a Gospel of Philip, was used by Egyptian Gnostics. Other gospels of similar character were circulated under the names of Andrew, Barnabas, and Bartholomew. (5) Other forms of gospel material were in circulation in early times. Sayings of Jesus not contained in any known treatise are met with occasionally. (See AGRAPHA.) most interesting fragment of a collection of such was found in Egypt in 1897-the so-called Logia fragment. (See AGRAPHA.) (6) In addition to the above there were gospels of an avowedly heretical type. Of these, the Gospel of Basilides, written by the famous Gnostic for the use of his disciples, and Marcion's Gospel, which was but a mutilated Luke, were the most important.

A

In

(b) Apocryphal Acts of Apostles. The beginning of this literature appears to have been the work of one Lucius, of Charinus, in the second half of the Second Century. He composed the Acts, or Travels (Heplodo) of the Apostles Peter, John, Thomas, Andrew, and Paul (each apostle treated separately). His sources were the New Testament Acts and Epistles, current oral tradition, and his own imagination. these Acts certain Gnostic tendencies were manifest, such as a mystic doctrine of the Cross and those ascetic teachings that exalt celibacy as a form of higher life. Later works of like character were the Acts of Matthew, of Bartholomew, and of Philip. On this originally Gnostic basis, by expurgation or abbreviation of objectionable material, or by rewriting, yet using the same outlines, a series of Catholic Acts was produced, written from a more orthodox standpoint. secondary form of the same literature is the socalled Abdias collection of Martyrdoms (Passiones and Virtutes) of the several apostles and their companions (Sixth Century). The most

A

important and extensive of these Acts are The Acts of John, and The Acts of Judas Thomas, the Apostle to the Indians.

(c) Of Apocryphal Epistles, the most famous is the correspondence between Abgar, King of Edessa, and Jesus. Apocryphal Pauline epistles were: (1) An Epistle to the Laodiceans, on the basis of the hint in Col. iv. 16. (2) An Epistle to the Alexandrians, mentioned as early as c.170 A.D. (3) A Third Epistle to the Corinthians. These are simply compilations from the genuine Pauline letters in the New Testament. (4) Correspondence between Seneca and Paul in fourteen letters (at least as early as the Fourth Century).

(d) Apocryphal Apocalypses. Of these The small fragment of which was discovered with the Apocalypse of Peter is the most important, a fragment of the Gospel of Peter. The work was in existence as early as A.D. 175, and highly esteemed in some quarters. The Apocalypse of Paul, The Vision of Paul, The Apocalypse of the Virgin Mary, and other like works are late and less important.

(e) Didactic Works. The Preaching (Khpvyμа) of Peter was written very early, possibly before A.D. 100. It was perhaps also known as the Didascalia or Doctrine of Peter. The existence of a Preaching (Prædicatio) of Paul is very doubtful. For other works sometimes classed as New Testament Apocrypha, see APOSTOLIC FATHERS; CLEMENTINA; BARNABAS, ACTS AND EPISTLE OF; HERMAS, SHEPHERD OF; REVELATION OF SAINT JOHN; TEACHING OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. For the Old Testament, see for texts the Septuagint version, best ed. Swete (London, second edition, 1899); O. F. Fritzsche, Libri Apocryphi Veteris Testamenti Græci (Leipzig, 1871); for English translation, C. J. Ball, The Variorum Apocrypha (London, undated); E. C. Bissell, The Apocrypha of the Old Testament (New York, 1880, with commentary and summary of pseudepigrapha); H. Wall, Apocrypha (London, 1888, 2 vols., with commentary); for complete German translation, see E. Kautzsch, Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des alten Testaments (Tübingen, 1900); Churtow, Uncanonical and Apocrypha Scriptures (1884); The Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament Found in the Armenian MSS. of the Library of Saint Lazarus, translated into English by Jacques Issaverdens (Venice, 1901). For the New Testament, see, for texts, Tischendorf, Evangelia Apocrypha (Leipzig, 1854), Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha (Leipzig, 1851), and Apocalypses Apocrypha (Leipzig, 1866); R. A. Lipsius and Bonnet, Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha (Leipzig, 1883); Zahn, Acta Johannis (Erlangen, 1880); A Hilgenfeld, Novum Testamentum, extra Canonem Receptum (Leipzig, (1884); and Evangeliorum (et ceterorum) quæ supersunt (a collection of fragments), Editio altera. Discussions: The most extended are R. A. Lipsius, Die apokryphen Apostelgeschichten (Brunswick, 1883-90); and Zahn, Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons (2d ed. Leipzig and Erlangen, 1889). For further literature, consult G. Krüger, History of Early Christian Literature (New York, 1897). For translation, see Walker in the Ante-Nicene Library.

AP'OCYNA'CEÆ (Gk. ȧπó, apo, away from, + Kúwv, kyōn, dog). The DOGBANE FAMILY. An

order of dicotyledonous plants, the species of which are herbs, shrubs, vines, and trees, mostly with a copious, milky juice. The leaves are mostly opposite, entire, and without stipules. The flowers are five-parted; ovary single and two-celled, or two and cone-celled. Fruit, a follicle or drupe; seeds with a straight embryo; endosperm small or none; seed often covered with a thistle-like down. There are about 130 genera and more than 1000 species in this order, the principal subdivisions of which are: ARDUINE, represented by Arduina and Landolphia; PLUMERIE.E, containing the tropical genus Tabernamontana, and Aspidiosperma, Vinca, and Alstonia; and ECHITIDEE, which embraces Kickxia, Apocynum, Nerium, and Strophanthus. The properties of plants of this order vary greatly, but many are exceedingly poisonous. Some, like Kickxia and Landolphia, are rich in caoutchouc; Apocynum yields valuable bast fibre, and its rhizomes are used in medicine; Strophanthus contains in its seed a powerful poisonous alkaloid; while others have varied economic uses. See PERIWINKLE; OLEANDER; INDIAN HEMP; RUBBER; STROPHANTHUS; DOGBANE; WRIGHTIA; POISONOUS PLANTS, etc.

plant arises in various ways directly from the prothallium, without the fertilization or even production of an egg. Among the mosses apogamy has never been observed; that is, there is no reason to believe that the spore-bearing structure ever has any other origin than a fertilized egg. Among the seed-plants the phenomenon has been recorded in a number of cases, and has usually been wrongly referred to parthenogenesis. So far as the records go, true parthenogenesis has been established in seed-plants only for Antennaria and Alchemilla, genera of Compositæ, and for Thalictrum, a genus of Ranunculaceæ. In various other cases, however, in which embryos are known to arise in seeds which have received nothing from the pollen, it is discovered that the embryo is not developed by the unfertilized egg, but arises vegetatively from various tissues of the ovule, just as a bud may develop almost anywhere upon a plant. The fact that a seed contains an embryo is not sure indication that this embryo has developed from the egg. In seed-plants, therefore, the extent of the phenomenon of apogamy is uncertain and difficult to determine.

APOCYNUM, à-põs'i-num. A drug composed of the powdered root of Apocynum cannabinum, Canadian or Indian hemp. Its taste is acrid and bitter. It contains apocynine, gallic and tannic acids, a bitter principle, etc. Its active ingredients are soluble in water and alcohol. Moderate doses increase the secretions of the skin, bronchi, and kidneys. Large doses cause vomiting and purging. The chief use of apocynum is as a diuretic. It may act directly as a renal stimulant and dilate the arterioles, but probably chiefly by increasing artificial pressure. It fails in many cases, but in others it causes marked increase of urine. See APOCYNACE.E; DOGBANE.

APODES, ǎp′ô-dēz (Gk. d, a, priv. + πoús, pous, foot). An order of teleost fishes, variously limited, including the eels (not the electric eel), murænas, and allied serpentiform species. Consult T. Gill, Standard Natural History, III., 100 (Boston, 1885). See EEL.

AP'ODIC TIC (Gk. ȧmodeιKTIKós, apodeiktikos, demonstrating, -ive). A logical term signifying necessary, and applied to judgments which admit of no contradiction. It is used largely by Kant. See A PRIORI.

APOG'AMY (Gk. ȧró, apo, away from + yájos, gamos, a wedding). A name which refers to the fact that a plant which ordinarily comes from a fertilized egg may, under certain conditions, develop in some other way. It is a general term, used to cover all cases in which the asexual plant does not come from a fertilized egg, without reference to the method of its origin. Parthenogenesis' is that form of apogamy in which a plant is developed from an egg that has not been fertilized. In other cases of apogamy the new plant is developed in a vegetative way from various other tissues. The phenome non of apogamy has been observed chiefly among the ferns, which seem to respond most readily to the conditions which favor it. Numerous cases have now been observed (both among native and cultivated forms), in which the leafy

AP'OGEOTROPISM, or NEGATIVE GEOTROPISM. That form of sensitiveness to gravity in plants by virtue of which organs tend to grow vertically upward—that is, in a direction opposite to that of the earth's attraction. The best example of this phenomenon is found in the main shoots of most plants. When 'centrifugal force' is brought to bear upon the plant in place of gravity, the stems of seedlings grow toward the centre of revolution, while the roots, being positively geotropic, grow in the opposite direction. See GEOTROPISM IN PLANTS.

APOLDA, ȧ-pōl'då. A town of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, Germany, near the Ilm, a feeder of the Saale, eight miles northeast of Weimar (Map: Germany, D 3). It is a station on the Thuringian Railway, between Weimar and Weissenfels. It is a place of much industrial activity, having extensive manufactures of hosiery and woven goods. Population, in 1895, 20,798; in 1900, 20,352.

APOLLINAʼRIS (? -392). The younger, bishop of Laodicea in Syria, and one of the warmest opponents of Arianism. Both as a man and a scholar he was held in the greatest reverence, and his writings were extensively read in his own day. His father, Apollinaris the elder, who was Bishop of Laodicea, was born at Alexandria, and taught grammar, first at Berytus, and afterward at Laodicea. When Julian prohibited the Christians from teaching the classics, the father and son endeavored to supply the loss by converting the Scriptures into a body of poetry, rhetoric, and philosophy. The Old Testament was selected as the subject for poetical compositions after the manner of Homer, Pindar, and the tragedians; while the New Testament formed the groundwork of dia

now became fixed, and afforded a refuge for Leto, who had been driven from all other places by the wrath of Hera. After his birth, the god hastened to Delphi and slew the dragon Python, who had pursued his mother during her sorrow. For other legends see ADMETUS; HYPERBOREANS; LAOMEDON; NIOBE. In Greece, Apollo was not the god of any single race. The Ionians worshiped him as the ancestral god, Patroös, while the great Dorian festival, Carneia (see GREEK FESTIVALS), was held in his honor. In Rome, his worship was introduced from Greece at a comparatively late date. The earliest mention of a place of worship for Apollo is in B.C. 449, and it was not till B.C. 212 that the Ludi Apollinares were celebrated. Augustus greatly increased the honor of the god in gratitude for the victory of Actium, and built him a splendid temple on the Palatine, with which a library was connected. The temple contained the celebrated statue by Scopas (q.v.).

The representations of Apollo in ancient art are almost innumerable. As Apollo Agyieus, he was worshiped in the form of a conical stone. In general, two chief types can be distinguished. As a nude youth, the ideal of youthful strength and beauty. This can be traced from the rude statues of archaic art, of Melos, Thera, and Orchomenus, through the Payne-Knight bronze, and the Choiseul-Gouffier marble in the British Museum, to the almost effeminate type of the Apollo Sauroctonos (the lizard-slayer) of Praxiteles, or the glorious divinity of the

Apollo of the altar frieze from Pergamon (qv) The other type represents the god as clad in the long robe of the musician playing on the lyre, as he appears in the statue in the Vatican, which is probably a copy of the work of Scopas. The special attributes of Apollo are the bow and quiver, the laurel and the lyre. Consult: Overbeck, Griechische Kunstmythologie (Leipzig, 1871-89); and Wernicke in the PaulyWissowa Realencyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1900).

APOLLO BELVEDERE, běl'vâ-dā'râ. A celebrated statue of antiquity, probably found at Grotto Ferrata (or possibly at Porto d'Anzio), and in 1503 placed in the Belvedere of the Vatican by Pope Julius II. The left hand and right forearm were restored by Montorsoli, a pupil of Michelangelo. The right hand originally held a laurel branch wound with fillets, while the presence of the quiver shows that the left raised the bow. The ægis, which has been restored in the left hand, on the evidence of a bronze statuette, is not known as an attribute of Apollo, nor is its presence in the statuette proved. The beautiful face expresses divine wrath and contempt. The god, clad only in the chlamys (q.v.), is moving forward against the powers of evil to rescue the distressed. This statue was once regarded as the highest type of Greek art, but it has long been known to be only a careful Roman copy of a Greek original, which cannot well be earlier than the latter part of the Fourth Century B.C. (possibly by Leochares), while many good authorities regard it as belonging to the Third, or even Second Century B.C.

APOLLO CITH'ARŒ'DUS (Gk. Kapwobs, kitharōdos, harper, from Kápa, kithara, lyre + doidos, aoidos, singer). Apollo, in his function of God of Music. Two famous statues of him in

this capacity are in existence: one at the Vatican, the other at the Munich Glyptothek, both of uncertain date and origin.

APOLLO CLUB. A Seventeenth-Century literary coterie, resembling the Elizabethans' Areopagus,' or that still more famous gathering which, in the Eighteenth Century, surrounded Dr. Johnson. Among its members were Ben Jonson, Robert Herrick, Randolph, and other poets and pamphleteers. Its meeting-place was the Devil Tavern at Temple Bar.

dōros).

AP'OLLODO'RUS (Gk. 'Aroλódwpos, Apollo(1) An Athenian painter of the Fifth Century B.C., an elder contemporary of Zeuxis. He is said to have introduced the rendering of light and shade in place of the flat coloring of (2) A celebrated architect his predecessors. of the early part of the Second Century, A.D., employed by the Emperor Trajan in the construction of his bridge over the Danube, in that of the Forum called the Forum of Trajan, and His severe censure on other works in Rome. some plans of the Emperor Hadrian caused Apollodorus's banishment and death. (3) A Greek grammarian of the Second Century B.C. He studied philosophy in his native Athens, and then joined the Alexandrian scholars about Aristarchus; wrote a chronicle in iambic verse and several grammatical works. His greatest work was On the Gods, apparently a history of the Greek religion, though its exact nature can only be conjectured from scattered notices. the origin of the gods, and ended with the The mythographical handbook which began with story of Troy, though it bears the name of Apollodorus, is certainly a compilation of a later date.

APOLLONIA (Gk. 'Απολλωνία). The name of more than thirty ancient cities. (1) In Illyria, on the Aous, founded by emigrants from Corinth and Corcyra, commercially prosperous, and towards the end of the Roman Empire a seat of literature and philosophy. (2) In Thracia (afterwards Sozopolis, and now Sizeboli), colonized by Milesians, and famous for a colossal statue of Apollo, by Calamis, which was removed to Rome. (3) The port of Cyrene (afterwards Sozusa, and now Marsa Suza), which outgrew Cyrene itself, and left evidences of its magnificence in the ruins of its public buildings. (4) A city of Macedonia, referred to in Acts xvii. 1 as one of the stations on the road from Amphipolis to Thessalonica. Its exact position is not known. It was, doubtless, on the celebrated Via Egnatia, probably south of and near to the present Gol (Lake) Beshik. Little is known of its history.

He

APOLLO'NIUS (Gk.'Añoλλúvos, Apollōnios). An Alexandrian scholar, son of Archibius. lived toward the end of the First Century A.D., and compiled a lexicon of Homeric words, the main sources of which were Apion's Glossary, and the commentaries of Aristarchus and Heliodorus. Though it has come down to us in abridged and otherwise imperfect form, this work is valuable for the exegetical study of Homer.

APOLLONIUS, OF PERGA. A mathematician and younger contemporary of Archimedes and Eratosthenes. Born at Perga, in Pamphylia, he lived, during the years of his activity as a scholar, which were approximately from B.C. 247