of its order, as far, indeed, as latitude 38° 22' S. It is a small palm, only from six to ten feet high, with leaves four to six feet long. The young inflorescence is eaten. Areca vestiaria, a native of the East, is so called because clothing is made from its fibres. For illustrations, see PALMS.

ARECIBO, ä'rå-se'no. The chief city of the department of the same name, rather picturesquely situated on the northern coast of Porto Rico (Map: Porto Rico, B 2). It is about forty miles west of San Juan, with which it is connected by rail, and has a rather shallow har bor and some sugar mills. Population, in 1899, 8008.

AR'EIOP'AGUS. See AREOPAGUS.

ARE'NA (Lat., sand, sandy place, beach, coast). The central part of an amphitheatre, inclosed by the seats. In it the gladiatorial contests and other games were held, and the name arena was given to it because of the sand which was spread to soak up the blood. The term is extended to mean any flat inclosure for the exhibitions of shows, games, sports, and contests, and even figuratively to political and other intellectual contests. See AMPHITHEATRE.

AR'ENA'CEOUS ROCKS (from Lat. arena, sand), or Psammites, Gravel and Sand Rocks, composed mainly of quartz particles deposited through water or air. They are mechanical sediments produced by the disintegration and removal of silicious rocks by the action of atmosphere, rain, rivers, frost, lake and ocean waves, and other superficial agencies. The arenaceous rocks or psammites, include plain sand, river sand, sea sand, sandstone, graywackes, quartzite, gravel, shingle, and conglomerate (q.v.). Seldom are they composed entirely of quartz; the quartz being commonly associated with fragments of other minerals such as feldspar, mica, iron ore, hornblende, etc., all of which may be cemented by carbonate of lime or magnesia, quartz, or iron. See ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS; CALCAREOUS ROCKS; ROCKS. Arenaceous rocks grade by intermediate stages into argillaceous rocks through increasing admixtures of clay, and into calcareous rocks by admixture of lime.

ARENALES, ä'râ-nä'lēs, JUAN ANTONIO ALVAREZ DE (1755-1825). An officer in the patriot army in the Peruvian revolution against Spain. In 1820, with a body of a thousand men, he was sent from Pisco with orders to strike into the country across the Andes and proceed by a circuitous route to Lima, there to meet the main army-a feat not unlike Sherman's famous march, which he accomplished most successfully, completely defeating the Spanish army at Cerro

Pasto.

AR'ENA'RIA (Lat. arenarius, pertaining to sand, from arena, sand), or SANDWORT. A large genus of plants of the natural order Caryophyllacea, differing from Stellaria (Stitchwort, q.v.) chiefly in the undivided petals. The species, about two hundred in number, are annual and perennial herbaceous plants of humble growth, rarely somewhat shrubby, and natives of the temperate and colder parts of the world. Some of them are arctic and alpine plants. Many of them are chiefly found in sandy soils. The flowers are generally small and inconspicuous,

but if closely examined, are seen to possess no little beauty.

ARENBERG, ä'ren-běrk, or AREMBERG, ä'rĕm-běrk, AUGUST MARIA RAIMUND, Prince (1753-1833). A Belgian soldier and authoralso known as Count Lamarck-a brother of the Duke of Arenberg. He served in India in 1780, and participated in the Belgian revolt of 1789, but afterwards swore allegiance to the Emperor Leopold II. He was an intimate friend of Mirabeau during the French Revolution, and his Correspondance entre le Comte de Mirabeau et le Comte de Lamarck (edited by Vacourt, two volumes, Brussels, 1851) must be considered a valuable contribution to the history of the French Revolution.

ARENBERG, LEOPOLD PHILIPP KARL JOSEPH, DUKE OF (1690-1754). An Austrian field-marshal. He was born at Mons, of one of the most illustrious families of Belgium. At sixteen he was colonel of a regiment, and councillor of state to Charles III., the Austrian pretender to the Spanish throne, who subsequently became Emperor as Charles VI. He fought at Malplaquet in 1709 and in the same year became grand bailiff of Hainault. In 1716 he served in Hungary under Prince Eugene, and fought at Belgrade in the following year; on returning to the Netherlands in 1718 he was made military governor of Hainault, and subsequently commander-inchief of all the Austrian forces in the Netherlands, with the rank of field-marshal. In 1743 he led his troops with great gallantry at Dettingen. Afterwards he served in Silesia under Charles of Lorraine, and in 1747 was president of the commission in control of the Netherlands. He was a lover of the sciences and of letters, and was a patron of J. J. Rousseau. He also corresponded with Voltaire and with Frederick the Great. The fullest account of Leopold of Arenberg is that given by Gachard, in the Biographie Nationale, published by the Royal Academy of Belgium, and founded on documents in the Belgian royal archives.

ARENDAL, ä'ren-dål. A town on the southof the Nid Elf in the Bay of Christiania, forty east coast of Norway, situated near the mouth miles northeast of the city of Christiansand (Map: Norway, C 7.). It is built partly on piles, partly on rock, with numerous canals intersecting it, and this circumstance, as well as its situation, gives it a very romantic aspect, and has caused it to be called "The Little Venice." The bay, which is protected by the island of Tromö, forms an excellent harbor, and favors the commerce of the town. The exports are iron from the neighboring mines, and wooden articles. Ship-building is also carried on, and on a smaller scale, distilleries and tobacco factories. Population, in 1900, 4370.

ARENDT, 'rent, OTTO (1854-). A German economist and politician, born in Berlin. He studied law and political science at Leipzig and Freiburg, and with the appearance in 1880 of his work, Die vertragsmässige Doppelwähṛung, became an active advocate of bimetallism. was one of the founders of the society for the introduction of international bimetallism (1882), and became the real head of the party in Germany. In 1885 he was elected to the Prussian House of Representatives as a member of the

He

Liberal Conservative party. In 1888 he undertook the editorship of the Deutsches Wochenblatt, and began to advocate colonial expansion and the coalition of national parties. His published works include Leitfaden der Währungsfrage (17th ed., 1895).

ARENDT, ä'rent, RUDOLF (1828-). A German chemist, born at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder. He studied at the University of Leipzig, and after 1861 taught at the commercial high school there. His published works include text-books of chemistry, and valuable manuals of the methods of teaching chemistry. The best-known among his works is his Technik der Experimental Chemie (two volumes, ed. 1, Leipzig, 1881; ed. 2, 1891). Arendt was also for many years editor of the Chemisches Centralblatt.

ARÈNE, à'rĕn', PAUL AUGUSTE (1843-96). A French writer, born at Sisteron. He was director of the Lyceum at Marseilles, and afterwards of that at Vanves, and gained his first success as an author with his Pierrot héritier (presented in 1865), a one-act comedy in verse. His further publications include the dramatic works Jean des figues (1870), Les comédiens errants (1873), and Le duel aux lanternes (1875), some prose fiction, such as Au bon soleil (1879), and Le canot des six capitaines (1888), and a volume of descriptions of travel, Vingt jours en Tunisie (1884). Most of his work was marked by a very delicate humor. He was a regular contributor to La République Française, L'Evénement,

and Gil Blas.

ARENG PALM. See GOMUTI.

ARENTS, ä'rents, ALBERT (1840-). A German-American metallurgist. He was born at Klausthal, Germany, and studied mining engineering there, and at Berlin. In 1865 he came to the United States and undertook to treat the lead ores in Hampden County, Mass. He was subsequently connected, as metallurgist and mining engineer, with a number of enterprises in the Western States, and patented many valuable industrial improvements.

ARENTZEN, ä'rents-en, KRISTIAN AUGUST

EMIL (1823-1900). A Danish poet. He was born at Copenhagen, and after extensive travels, he was appointed to the chair of æsthetics in the University of Copenhagen. He published two dramas, Gunlög Örmetunge (1852), and Knud den Hellige (1853), and a volume of Digte (1854, republished as Ny Digtsamling, 1867). He is chiefly known for his important critical work, Baggesen og Oehlenschläger (eight volumes, 1870-78).

AREOIS, å'rwä'. The society of the Areois was a famous institution among the natives of the Society Islands (Tahiti), organized for literary, dramatic, and especially religious purposes. The members traveled from place to place, singing, dancing, and representing historical events and scenes in the lives of gods and heroes. They also devoted themselves to erotic pleasures (love adventures and sexual congress of an absolute reality were acted), which has made the Arcois stand for a sort of artistic sexualism. Upon the women belonging to the society, infanticide was imposed by oath. The Arcois represent one of the most remarkable sides of Polynesian life, for which a parallel has to be sought in the European Middle Ages.

A'REOM/ETER. See HYDROMETER. AR'EOPAGITICA. A speech advocating liberty of unlicensed printing. It is the greatest prose work of Milton (1644), a plea for freedom of thought.

AR'EOP'AGUS (Gk. 'Apelos máуos, Areios pagos, the hill of Ares). A bare, rocky hill at the west of the Acropolis of Athens, about 350 feet high. The ancients explained the name by saying that here Ares had been tried for the murder of Halirrhothius, or that the Amazons, the worshipers of Ares, had attacked the Acrofer to connect it with the Eumenides, and the polis from this point. Some modern writers preblood-guiltiness, which was tried here, and derive the name from 'Apaí, so that the meaning would be hill of the curse.' At the south end steps hewn in the rock lead to a series of rockcuttings which cannot now be satisfactorily explained. On the north side, which overlooks the city, and is near the deep cleft where the Eumenides were worshiped, seems to have been the place where the court of Areopagus tried cases of willful murder. The Areopagus gave its name to the most venerable court of Athens (Gk. v 'Apεi máy Bovin, the Council on the Areopagus). It met in the open air, and accuser and accused stood on platforms hewn from the rock. The Areopagus seems originally to have been the council of nobles, such as surrounds the king in the Homeric poems, and naturally, therefore, the 'king' archon remained its presiding officer. This council appears to have gradually taken into its hands the entire governing power, since we are told that it appointed all officials, including the archons, who entered the Areopagus at the end of their term of office. This was certainly an ancient custom, as it prevailed through the historical period, in spite of its undemocratie character. The Areopagus doubtless exercised the supreme judicial power, and could bring to an account any official, so that its indirect influence must have sufficed to control the State. In the code of Draco, the Areopagus kept its place as the court for all cases of willful murder, and even under the Solonian Constitution it seems to have preserved its place as a guardian of the laws, with the power of procedure against any official, or even private citizen, whose conduct was an offense against good morals or the well-being of the community. Clisthenes seems to have made no change in the rights of the Areopagus; but his creation of the Senate of Five Hundred and the power given the popular assembly certainly must have lessened its real influence. It continued, however, to enjoy a considerable amount of power, even in public affairs, for some writers represented it as directing the policy of Athens from the time of the battle of Salamis (B.C. 480) to B.C. 462. Certain it is that in the latter year the leaders of the democracy, Ephialtes and Pericles, succeeded in carrying a law which deprived the Areopagus of all those powers by which it exercised a general control over officials and public morals, leaving it only the right of judgment in murder cases, and the oversight of the sacred olive trees of Athena and some sacred lands. In spite of this reduction of its powers, it remained the most venerated body in Athens, and we find it appointed at times to act for the State, or to conduct investigations

of treasonable conduct, as a sort of commission of the popular assembly. In the reforms of Demetrius of Phalerum (B.c. 317), the Areopagus seems to have been given once more an oversight over public morals, and especially over offenses against the new sumptuary laws. In Roman times it was one of the governing bodies of Athens, and its name appears on decrees with that of the senate and people. Its jurisdiction was also widely extended, and its decisions still commanded great respect. It is doubtful whether the Apostle Paul was actually brought before the court of Areopagus. It seems more probable that his speech was delivered before a body of curious philosophers on the hill of Areopagus, a convenient spot somewhat retired from the confusion of the neighboring market-place. In Athenian legend the court was famed as the body which, under the presidency of Athena, acquitted Orestes of the charge, brought against him by the Furies, of blood-guiltiness in murdering his mother, Clytemnestra. The story forms the subject of the Eumenides of Eschylus. Consult: Philippi, Areopag und Epheten (Berlin, 1874); Busolt, Handbuch (Nördlingen, 1887): Schömann, Griechische Alterthümer, ed. Lipsius (Berlin, 1897); Meier and Schömann, Der attische Prozess, ed. Lipsius (Berlin, 1883-87); and Botsford, The Athenian Constitution (New York, 1893).

AREQUIPA, ä'râ-kē'på. A maritime department of Peru, bounded by the departments of Ayacucho and Cuzco on the north, Puno on the east, Moquegua on the south, and the Pacific on the west (Map: Peru, C 7). Area, 21,947 square miles. It is mountainous in the east and has a fertile soil, but is sparsely settled. The population was officially estimated in 1896 at 229,007. Capital, Arequipa (q.v.).

AREQUIPA. An episcopal city, capital of the department of Arequipa, Peru; situated on the Chile River, 105 miles northeast of the port of Mollendo, with which it is connected by railroad. Another line runs to Puno, on Lake Titicaca, 225 miles to the east. Its situation, on a plateau 7000 feet above sea level, at the foot of the half-extinct volcano Misi, gives it a very dry and temperate climate. The air is exceedingly dry and the water is impregnated with salts. It is the second city in Peru, is regularly laid out, and has a cathedral, a university, and two national schools. The inhabitants are engaged in the manufacture of jewelry, the cutting of precious stones, and in commerce, the city being the centre of trade for the interior of Peru. Arequipa was founded in 1540 by Francisco Pizarro, and has ever since been important in the history of Peru, occupying a prominent place in the war for inde pendence. From the 13th to the 15th of August, 1868, the city was subjected to earthquake shocks which overthrew nearly all its buildings and killed more than 600 people. Population, in

1889, 30,000: in 1901, 35,000.

The

AREQUIPA, or MISTÍ. A volcanic mountain of the Andes, Peru, over 20,000 feet high. volcano has been in a dormant state since 1831. To the northeast of the volcano is the town of Arequipa (q.v.).

A'RES, a'rēz. See MARS.

AR′ETÆ’US (Gk. 'Aperaios, Aretaios). A famous Greek physician and writer of Cap

padocia, who flourished in the latter half of the First and in the beginning of the Second Century after Christ. He is considered to rank next to Hippocrates in the skill with which he treated diseases. He was noted for his total want of professional bigotry; and in his accuracy in the detail of symptoms and the diagnosis of disease he is superior to most of the ancient physicians. His great work, written in singularly elegant and concise Ionic Greek, is divided into two parts. The first four books treat of the causes and symptoms of acute and chronic diseases; the last four, the cure of the same. They have been translated into various European languages, besides having been frequently edited in the original. The finest edition is the Oxford one of 1723, by J. Wigan. A German translation appeared at Vienna (1790-1802); an English one, by T. F. Reynolds, London, 1837; and there is a Greek and English edition by Dr. F. Adams (London, 1856).

ARETE, à-ré'tê. (1) The wife of the Phæacian King Alcinous, and mother of Nausicaa, in Homer's Odyssey. (2) The personification of virtue in Ben Jonson's Cynthia's Revels.

AR'ETHUʼSA. See ALPHEUS.

ARETHUSA BULBO'SA. A beautiful terrestrial orchid growing in wet bogs of the northern United States. The plant is small, and consists of a slender scape, six to ten inches in The lower height, which arises from a corm. portion of the scape bears a few green bracts, and the summit is crowned by a brilliant rosepink flower one to two inches in length. The plant blooms in late spring, and is often found associated with the pitcher-plant (Sarracenia) and two other orchids-Calopogon and Pogonia —which plants, however, bloom at a later period than does Arethusa. For illustration, see plate of ANEMONE.

AR ETIN'IAN SYLLABLES. The syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, used by Guido D'Arezzo (q.v.) for his system of hexachords, to which st was added afterwards, thus completing the modern scale. See SCALE.

ARETINO, ä'rå-te'no. CARLO (properly CARLO MARSUPPINI) (c.1399-1453). An Italian He was born at Arezzo (whence his humanist. surname), studied the Latin language and literature at Florence under Giovanni da Ravenna and Greek under Manuel Chrysoloras; and, with the patronage of the Medici, lectured learnedly and successfully on the classics. His first lecture, indeed, seems at once to have established his fame; for on that occasion, we are told, he amazed all by quotations from every known author, Greek or Roman. But it also seems to have begun the quarrel between him and the renowned Filelfo, who eventually, through Medicean hostility, was compelled to withdraw to Siena. He was appointed first apostolic secretary, and became in 1444 chancellor of the Republic of Florence. His writings include translations into Latin of the BatrachoHis nnely myomachia and Book I. of the Iliad. sculptured tomb is still to be seen at Florence, in the Church of Santa Croce.

ARETINO, GUIDO. See GUIDO D'AREZZO. ARETINO, LEONARDO. See BRUNI. ARETINO, PIETRO (1492-1556). A notorious and profligate Italian author of the Sixteenth Century, who, apart from his comedies, is in

teresting chiefly for his colossal and successful impudence. He was born at Arezzo, the son of a shoemaker, Luca, whose surname is unknown; for Pietro, being ashamed of his origin, assumed that of Aretino. While still young he came to Rome and found favor with Pope Leo X. and Cardinal Giulio de Medici, but lost it through writing some licentious sonnets. For a while he frequented the Medicean court, where he attached himself closely to Giovanni de Medici, but in a few years withdrew to Venice, where he soon acquired powerful friends, and where he remained almost continually till his death. Aretino has best been summed up as a systematic blackmailer. His letters are an astonishing record of audacity; they show him to have been equally adept in the art of threats and of successful flattery, and extorted from many of the greatest figures of the time—even from Francis I. and Charles V.-rich gifts of jewelry, large sums of money, and in some cases even annuities, which enabled him to lead at Venice a life of lavish opulence. He was a remarkably prolific writer in various fields of literature, and has left dialogues, biographies, sonnets and other poems, comedies, one tragedy,

and six volumes of letters. Aside from the tragedy Orazia, which was good, judged by contemporary standards, the comedies, of which the principal ones are the Cortigiana and Talanta, are alone of any merit, and their interest is due mainly to their vivid and convincing portrayal of life; but, in the words of John Addington Symonds, it is life seen "from the standpoint of the servants' hall." Aretino's greatest strength lay in his satire. There is an edition of Le commedie e L'Orazia tragedia di Pietro Aretino (Milan, 1876). Consult Graf, Attraverso il Cinquecento (Turin, 1888).

ARETINO, SPINELLO. See SPINELLO.

AREZZO, ȧ-ret's (ancient Lat. Arretium). An episcopal city of Italy, the capital of the province of Arezzo, Tuscany (Map: Italy, F 4). It is beautifully situated on the slope of a hill, 54 miles southeast of Florence and 6 miles from the confluence of the Chiana and the Arno. It has broad streets, impressive buildings, a famous academy of science, a museum and picture gallery, a library, many convents, and excellent mineral springs. Externally, the cathedral, which was begun in the Thirteenth Century, is unattractive; but the proportions of the interior are pleasing and the decorations are elaborate and by master hands of several centuries. The church of San Francisco contains some fine Fifteenth Century frescoes. The Pieve, begun in the Eleventh Century on the site of a heathen temple, also contains art treasures. Arezzo was one of the twelve richest and most populous cities in ancient Etruria, and ex-celled in pottery and in copper work. In the Social War, Sulla sacked it, banished its citizens, and replaced them with his own followers. It was also sacked by the Goths under Totila and restored under Justinian. During the contest of the Guelphs and Ghibellines in a later age, it became subject to Florence, being defeated in the battle of Campaldino, in which Dante took part. Among celebrated men born here were Mæcenas, the famous patron of letters in the time of the Emperor Augustus; Petrarch; Pietro Aretino; Guido Aretino, inventor of the gamut; Leonardo Aretino, the historian; Cesalpino, the

botanist; Redi, the physician; Pope Julius II.; the notorious Marshal d'Ancre; and Vasari, author of Lives of the Painters. The principal manufactures are cloth, silk fabrics, and leather. The country is unusually fertile, and produces grain, wine, oil and fruit. Population, in 1881, 39,000; in 1901 (commune), 44,316.

ARGÆ'US, är-jē'ús, MOUNT. See ARJISH. AR'GALI (Mongolian name). A mountain sheep, specifically Oris ammon, formerly common to all the mountain ranges of northeastern Asia, but lately killed off in Siberia and restricted to the heights of Mongolia, where it is found near timber line. Its size is that of a

large donkey, and it is covered by short, coarse, gray-brown hair, with the short mane and a stripe down the forelegs dark and the rump and under surface of the body white. The massive horns of the ram coil like those of the bighorn (sometimes called American argali), and measure 40 to 48 inches along the curve and 16 or more around the base; the horns of the ewes reach about half these dimensions. A closely (Ovis Hodgsoni), which is distinguished by a allied species is the nyan, or Thibetan argali white ruff upon the throat. It frequents the barren and desolate regions of high Thibet. Sportsmen regard these sheep as among the most difficult game to stalk, and good specimens are rare in collections. See BIGHORN; and Plate accompanying SHEEP.

An

In

AR'GALL, Sir SAMUEL (c.1580-1626). English navigator, and deputy governor of the Virginia colony, born about 1580 or 1585. 1609 he was sent to Virginia in charge of a vessel, with orders to find a more direct route than that previously followed, and he succeeded in considerably shortening the time ordinarily occupied by the passage. After his arrival, in 1609, he was employed in surveying Chesapeake Bay and a large part of the coast northward to Cape Cod. Returning to Virginia, he took part in the fighting with the Indians, and in 1612 he conducted the negotiations with the chief of a Potomac tribe to whose care the women of the Powhatan tribe had been intrusted during hostilities, by which the English secured possession of Pocahontas, a favorite daughter of the chief, Powhatan, in exchange for a copper kettle. Her marriage to John Rolfe followed soon after, and the troubles with the natives were settled, leaving Argall free to go to sea again. In 1613 he was given command of a powerful war vessel, and instructed to keep all intruders out of the territory claimed for England. He sailed to Mount Desert Island, where he found a French Jesuit settlement, which he destroyed, carrying off the settlers to Jamestown as prisoners. French establishments at Port Royal and Saint Croix received the same treatment. At New Amsterdam (now New York) Argall found a Dutch colony, and forced the governor to haul down his flag and display the English colors in its place--a recognition of English supremacy which lasted so long as Argall was in the harbor. In 1617 Argall was promoted to be deputy governor and admiral of Virginia. He conducted affairs in a highhanded fashion, and was accused of engaging in illegal trade, especially with the Spanish settlements in the West Indies. He ignored several peremptory orders to return to England to answer the charges against him, but eventu

ally went back to stand trial. No serious action, however, was taken, probably because of the protection afforded him by the Earl of Warwick, who is supposed to have participated in the profits of Argall's ventures. In 1620 Argall was captain in a fleet which attacked the Algerine pirates in the Mediterranean. A year later he was knighted. In 1625 he was appointed admiral of an Anglo- Dutch fleet of twenty-eight vessels, which took Spanish prizes valued at over £100,000, and later in the same year took part, as commander of the flagship, in Cecil's expedition against the Spaniards... AR'GAN (Ar. arjan), Argania sideroxylon. The common species of the order Sapotacea. It is a low, spiny evergreen tree, native of the southern parts of Morocco, and it bears an ovate drupe the size of a plum, dotted with white, and full of a white milky juice. The

Moors extract from the fruit an oil known as "argan oil," which they use with their food. ARGAN, är'gün'. The hypochondriac in Molière's Le malade imaginaire, who allows himself to be cozened by apothecaries even to the extent of forcing his daughter to receive the addresses of one. He is finally effectively disillusioned and cured by his brother-in-law. ARGAND, är'gand, Fr. pron. är'gün', AIME (1755-1803). The inventor of the well-known Argand burner. The chief difficulty that attended the use of lamps as a source of light before Argand introduced his invention, consisted in procuring complete combustion of the oil, so as to keep the flame from smoking. The round thick column of oil-vapor rising from the wick of an old-fashioned lamp presented an insufficient extent of surface to the air: a large proportion of the carbon of the oil, therefore, not reached by the air, remained unburnt and ascended in the form of smoke. Argand's improvement con

sisted in making the wick ring-shaped. The flame procured by means of a circular wick has naturally the form of a hollow cylinder, with a current of air ascending through the inside, so that the burning surface is doubled. Even when supplied with this form of burner, how ever, the lamp remained unsatisfactory until Argand's younger brother accidentally discovered the effect of the glass chimney, by which the flame is steadied, a draught created, and thus the greatest possible amount of light produced. The Argand burner is now extensively used in gas-lighting.

ARGANTE, är'gänt'. (1) A witty portrait in Molière's gallery of dupes-the father who, in Les fourberies de Scapin, is trickily persuaded by Scapin to give up his own plans in favor of those of his son and daughter. (2) A

giantess typifying Licentiousness in the Faerie Queene, by Spenser.

ARGANTES, är-găn'tēz. A fierce Circassian, the bravest of the infidel warriors, in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered."

pines, situated about 33 miles southwest of Cebu. ARGAO, är-gä'ð. A town of Cebu, PhilipPopulation (official estimate), 1898, 34,050.

ARGEL, är'gel, or ARGHEL (Syrian), Solenostemma argel. A plant of the natural order Asclepiadacea, a native of Arabia and of the north of Africa, deserving of notice because of the frequent use of its leaves for the adulteration of senna. They are lanceolate and leathery, and may readily be distinguished from genuine senna leaves by their texture, their being downy, their greater heaviness, the comparative absence of veins, and the symmetry of their sides, the sides of the true senna leaves being unequal. They are acrid, and cause sickness and griping; but a difference of opinion prevails as to their possessing purgative properties.

ARGELANDER, är'ge-län'der, FRIEDRICH WILHELM AUGUST (1799-1875). One of the most eminent German astronomers of the Nineteenth Century. He was born at Memel, Prussia. He studied at Königsberg, where the political sciences first attracted him; but he was subsequently drawn away to astronomy by the lectures of Bessel, by whom he was employed to make calculations and observations. In 1820 he was appointed assistant to Bessel in the Königsberg Observatory, and in 1823 succeeded Walbeck as astronomer at the observatory of Åbo, in Finland. Here he began a series of observations on the fixed stars which have a perceptible "proper motion." His studies were unfortunately interrupted by a fire which destroyed the observatory; but after a time he resumed them in a new observatory at Helsingfors, and published a catalogue of not less than 560 stars having "proper motions." This contained the results of his observations at Abo, and received from the Academy of Saint Petersburg the Demidoff Prize. In 1837 he was invited to fill the chair of astronomy at the University of Bonn. Argelander was long engaged in a series of observations on the changes of light in variable stars, and he also added to our ideas concerning the progressive motion of the solar system in space. Argelander's works include: Observationes Astronomica in Specula Universitatis Fennico Facto (3 vols., Helsingfors, 1830-32); Neue Uranometrie (Berlin, 1843), containing eighteen celestial charts of fixed stars seen with the naked eye; Mittlere Oerter von 33,811 Sternen (Bonn, 1867); and a few others of considerable importance. His greatest work, however, is the Atlas des nördlichen gestirnten Himmels (Bonn, 1857), with a Sternverzeichnis (Bonn, 1859-62, Vols. III.-V of the Astronomische Beobachtungen auf der Sternwarte zu Bonn). This work contains an enormous number of observations carried out by Argelander and his assistants during the nine years from 1852 to 1861.

AR GEMO'NE (Lat., an herb, Gk. ȧpyeμúvn, argemōnē, a kind of poppy). A genus of plants of the natural order Papaveraceæ, distinguished by four to six petals, four to seven radiating concave stigmas, and an obovate capsule, open