pay a registration fee which shall be prescribed by such regulations. Such regulations shall prohibit the return to the United States for sale in the United States (other than for the Armed Forces of the United States and its allies or for any State for local law enforcement agency) of any military firearms or ammunition of United States manufacture furnished to foreign governments by the United States under this Act or any other foreign assistance or sales program of the United States, whether or not enhanced in value or improved in condition in a foreign country. This prohibition shall not extend to similar firearms that have been so substantially transformed as to become, in effect, articles of foreign manufacture.

(ii) 206 (I) As prescribed in regulations issued under this section, every person (other than an officer or employee of the United States Government acting in official capacity) who engages in the business of brokering activities with respect to the manufacture, export, import, or transfer of any defense article or defense service designated by the President under subsection (a)(1), or in the business of brokering activities with respect to the manufacture, export, import, or transfer of any foreign defense article or defense service (as defined in subclause (IV)), shall register with the United States Government agency charged with the administration of this section, and shall pay a registration fee which shall be prescribed by such regulations.

(II) Such brokering activities shall include the financing, transportation, freight forwarding, or taking of any other action that facilitates the manufacture, export, or import of a defense article or defense service.

(III) No person may engage in the business of brokering activities described in subclause (I) without a license, issued in accordance with this Act, except that no license shall be required for such activities undertaken by or for an agency of the United States Government

or

(aa) for use by an agency of the United States Government;

(bb) for carrying out any foreign assistance or sales program authorized by law and subject to the control of the President by other means.

(IV) For purposes of this clause, the term "foreign defense article or defense service" includes any non-United States defense article or defense service of a nature described on the United States Munitions List regardless of whether such article or service is of United States origin or whether such article or service contains United States origin components.

(B) 207 A copy of each registration made under this paragraph shall be transmitted to the Secretary of the Treasury for review re

206 Sec. 151(a)(2) of Public Law 104-164 (110 Stat. 1437) added clause (ii). Subsec. (b) (22 U.S.C. 2778 note) of that section provided: “Section 38(b)(1)(A)(ii) of the Arms Export Control Act, as added by subsection (a), shall apply with respect to brokering activities engaged in beginning on or after 120 days after the enactment of this Act.".

207 The first subparagraph (B) was added by sec. 1255(b) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 (Public Law 100-204; 101 Stat. 1431). The second subparagraph (B), which should probably have been designated subpar. (C) was added by sec. 8142(a) of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1988 (sec. 101(b) of the Continuing Appropriations for 1988, Public Law 100-202; 101 Stat. 1329-88).

garding law enforcement concerns. The Secretary shall report to the President regarding such concerns as necessary.

(B) 207 The prohibition under such regulations required by the second sentence of subparagraph (A) shall not extend to any military firearms (or ammunition, components, parts, accessories, and attachments for such firearms) of United States manufacture furnished to any foreign government by the United States under this Act or any other foreign assistance or sales program of the United States if

(i) such firearms are among those firearms that the Secretary of the Treasury is, or was at any time, required to authorize the importation of by reason of the provisions of section 925(e) of title 18, United States Code (including the requirement for the listing of such firearms as curios or relics under section 921(a)(13) of that title); and

(ii) such foreign government certifies to the United States Government that such firearms are owned by such foreign government.

(2) Except as otherwise specifically provided in regulations issued under subsection (a)(1), no defense articles or defense services designated by the President under subsection (a)(1) may be exported or imported without a license for such export or import, issued in accordance with this Act and regulations issued under this Act, except that no license shall be required for exports or imports made by or for an agency of the United States Government (A) for official use by a department or agency of the United States Government, or (B) for carrying out any foreign assistance or sales program authorized by law and subject to the control of the President by other

means.

(3) 208 (A) For each of the fiscal years 1988 and 1989, $250,000 of registration fees collected pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be credited to a Department of State account, to be available without fiscal year limitation. Fees credited to that account shall be available only for the payment of expenses incurred for

(i) contract personnel to assist in the evaluation of munitions control license applications, reduce processing time for license applications, and improve monitoring of compliance with the terms of licenses; and

(ii) the automation of munitions control functions and the processing of munitions control license applications, including the development, procurement, and utilization of computer equipment and related software.

(B) The authority of this paragraph may be exercised only to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts.

(c) Any person who willfully violates any provision of this section or section 39, or any rule or regulation issued under either section,

208 Par. (3) was added by sec. 1255(c) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 (Public Law 100-204; 101 Stat. 1431). The original par. (3), as amended by sec. 21 of Public Law 96-92 (93 Stat. 710) and sec. 107(a) of Public Law 96-533 (94 Stat. 3136), was repealed by sec. 106 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113; 95 Stat. 1522). Par. (3) had stipulated that no license could be issued under this Act for the export of any major defense equipment sold under contract in the amount of $100,000,000 or more (exceptions were provided for NATO members, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, countries participating in co-production arrangements).

or who willfully, in a registration or license application or required report, makes any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, shall upon conviction be fined for each violation not more than $1,000,000,209 or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.

(d) 210 *** [Repealed-1979]

(e) In carrying out functions under this section with respect to the export of defense articles and defense services, the President is authorized to exercise the same powers concerning violations and enforcement which are conferred upon departments, agencies and officials by subsections (c), (d), (e), and (g) of section 11 of the Export Administration Act of 1979, and by subsections (a) and (c) of section 12 of such Act,211 subject to the same terms and conditions as are applicable to such powers under such Act, except that section 11(c)(2)(B) of such Act shall not apply, and instead, as prescribed in regulations issued under this section, the Secretary of State may assess civil penalties for violations of this Act and regulations prescribed thereunder and further may commence a civil action to recover such civil penalties, and except further that 212 the names of the countries and the types and quantities of defense articles for which licenses are issued under this section shall not be withheld from public disclosure unless the President determines that the release of such information would be contrary to the national interest.213 Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as authorizing the withholding of information from the Congress. Notwithstanding section 11(c) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, the civil penalty for each violation involving controls imposed on the export of defense articles and defense services under this section may not exceed $500,000.214

(f) 215 (1) The President shall periodically review the items on the United States Munitions List to determine what items, if any, no longer warrant export controls under this section. The results of such reviews shall be reported to the Speaker of the House of Rep

209 Sec. 119(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 203) raised the amount of the fine to $1,000,000; added the limitation "for each violation"; and raised the period of imprisonment from two to ten years. Previously the fine was "not more than $100,000".

210 Subsec. (d), which specified that sec. 38 would apply to and within the Canal Zone, was repealed by sec. 3303(a)(4) of the Panama Canal Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-70; 93 Stat. 499). 211 These references to various sections of the Export Administration Act of 1979 were inserted in lieu of a series of references to secs. 6 and 7 of the Export Administration Act of 1969 (which expired on September 30, 1979), by sec. 22(a) of Public Law 96-72 (93 Stat. 535).

212 Sec. 1303 of the Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Security Assistance Act of 1999 (Division B of the Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001 (H.R. 3427, enacted by reference in sec. 1000(a)(7) of Public Law 106-113; 113 Stat. 1536), added "section 11(c)(2)(B) of such Act shall not apply, and instead, as prescribed in regulations issued under this section, the Secretary of State may assess civil penalties for violations of this Act and regulations prescribed thereunder and further may commence a civil action to recover such civil penalties, and except further that" to secs. 38(e), 39A(c), and 40(k) of this Act.

213 Sec. 156 of Public Law 104-164 (110 Stat. 1440) added ", except that the names of the countries and the types and quantities of defense articles for which licenses are issued under this section shall not be withheld from public disclosure unless the President determines that the release of such information would be contrary to the national interest".

214 The last sentence was added by sec. 119(b) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 204).

215 Subsec. (f) was added by sec. 107 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113; 95 Stat. 1522). Sec. 102(b) of the Security Assistance Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-280; 114 Stat. 848) added para. designation “(1)” and added paras. (2) and (3).

resentatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate. Such a report shall be submitted at least 30 days before any item is removed from the Munitions List and shall describe the nature of any controls to be imposed on that item under the Export Administration Act of 1979.216

(2) The President may not authorize an exemption for a foreign country from the licensing requirements of this Act for the export of defense items under subsection (j) or any other provision of this Act until 30 days after the date on which the President has transmitted to the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a notification that includes

(A) a description of the scope of the exemption, including a detailed summary of the defense articles, defense services, and related technical data covered by the exemption; and

(B) a determination by the Attorney General that the bilateral agreement concluded under subsection (j) requires the compilation and maintenance of sufficient documentation relating to the export of United States defense articles, defense services, and related technical data to facilitate law enforcement efforts to detect, prevent, and prosecute criminal violations of any provision of this Act, including the efforts on the part of countries and factions engaged in international terrorism to illicitly acquire sophisticated United States defense

items.

(3) Paragraph (2) shall not apply with respect to an exemption for Canada from the licensing requirements of this Act for the export of defense items.

(g) 217 (1) The President shall develop appropriate mechanisms to identify, in connection with the export licensing process under this section

(A) persons who are the subject of an indictment for, or have been convicted of, a violation under

(i) this section,

(ii) section 11 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2410),

(iii) section 793, 794, or 798 of title 18, United States Code (relating to espionage involving defense or classified information) or section 2339A of such title (relating to providing material support to terrorists),218

(iv) section 16 of the Trading with the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 16),

(v) section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (relating to foreign assets controls; 50 U.S.C. App. 1705),

216 For text of Export Administration Act, see Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2000, vol. III, sec. J.

217 Subsec. (g) was added by sec. 1255 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 (Public Law 100-204; 101 Stat. 1429).

218 Sec. 1304 of the Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Security Assistance Act of 1999 (Division B of the Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001 (H.R. 3427, enacted by reference in sec. 1000(a)(7) of Public Law 106-113; 113 Stat. 1536), added "or section 2339A of such title (relating to providing material support to terrorists)".

(vi) section 30A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78dd1) or section 104 of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (15 U.S.C. 78dd2),

(vii) chapter 105 of title 18, United States Code (relating to sabotage),

(viii) section 4(b) of the Internal Security Act of 1950 (relating to communication of classified information; 50 U.S.Č. 783(b)),

(ix) section 57, 92, 101, 104, 222, 224, 225, or 226 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2077, 2122, 2131, 2134, 2272, 2274, 2275, and 2276),

(x) section 601 of the National Security Act of 1947 (relating to intelligence identities protection; 50 U.S.C. 421),

or

(xi) section 603 (b) or (c) of the Comprehensive AntiApartheid Act of 1986 (22 U.S.C. 5113 (b) and (c));

(B) persons who are the subject of an indictment or have been convicted under section 371 of title 18, United States Code, for conspiracy to violate any of the statutes cited in subparagraph (A); and

(C) persons who are ineligible

(i) to contract with,

(ii) to receive a license or other form of authorization to export from, or

(iii) to receive a license or other form of authorization to import defense articles or defense services from,

any agency of the United States Government.

(2) The President shall require that each applicant for a license to export an item on the United States Munitions List identify in the application all consignees and freight forwarders involved in the proposed export.

(3) If the President determines

(A) that an applicant for a license to export under this section is the subject of an indictment for a violation of any of the statutes cited in paragraph (1),

(B) that there is reasonable cause to believe that an applicant for a license to export under this section has violated any of the statutes cited in paragraph (1), or

(C) that an applicant for a license to export under this section is ineligible to contract with, or to receive a license or other form of authorization to import defense articles or defense services from, any agency of the United States Government,

the President may disapprove the application. The President shall consider requests by the Secretary of the Treasury to disapprove any export license application based on these criteria.

(4) A license to export an item on the United States Munitions List may not be issued to a person

(A) if that person, or any party to the export, has been convicted of violating a statute cited in paragraph (1), or

(B) if that person, or any party to the export, is at the time of the license review ineligible to receive export licenses (or other forms of authorization to export) from any agency of the United States Government,