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divided into eighteen lordships, governed by so many chiefs (zabuas), thus rendering these tributaries less formidable. The slave even alleged that this number had been increased to twentytwo, viz. Taunbain, SEINNI, Sounzhæh, Sibo, Main Doun, Main Gain, Rapzauk, MAIN PIEIN, Læhkhia, Puefla, GNAUNRUE, Sigiit, Naunmun, Kiainkoun, Zaga, Kiainghan, MOBRÆн and Junzalan, of whch those in Italics are not included in this map, and those in capital letters are powerful chiefs. Kiainkoun, however, I have little doubt, is the same place with that called Kiaintoun in this map, and in that published in the fifth volume of this Journal, the characters being very much alike. Junzalæn, therefore, in a detached corner between Pegu and Siam, is perhaps the only place of note here omitted.

On the whole, the relative situations and bearings of the pla ces in this map, seem to deserve more attention than those in the maps by the native of Taunu (Phil. Journ. vol. iv. p. 2.); but a careful comparison of the distances in both authorities, as well as in several others, will be necessary to give any confidence.

The last place in Ava proper on this map is called Zabbhæhnago, but that town is on the opposite side of the river, and it is the custom-house that is laid down here, as well as in the map by the Zabua of Bhanmo (Phil. Journ. v. iii. p. 40). In the map of Asia, Mr Arrowsmith mistaking Z for L, Zabbhæhnago has been called Labenagoa; but it has been placed on the proper side of the Erawadi, only a great deal too far north.

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The ruby mines laid down NE. from Zabbhæhnago are nearly in the situation where the native of Taunu places Momeit, as I have mentioned in the account of his map (Phil. Journ. vol. iv. p. 86.); for they are about as far from Zabbhæhnago as the latter is from Amarapura, that is about 60 miles; but Baba Shean, the Armenian who managed the revenue of the great province of Hænsawadi, and who escorted the British Embassy, said, that these mines were nearly opposite to Kiounmraun, and, of course, should bear SE. from Zabbhæhnago, and not NE., as represented in this map. At any rate, they are among the mountains of the Shanwas, and in that great forest, which is situated between the cultivated banks of the Erawadi and those of the Mringngah, and which has been called Pahimapan (Phil. Journ, v. iii, p. 267. v. iii. p. 85). The distance between the Era

wadi and Mringngah, running parallel to each other from north to south, may be 38 geographical miles, and allowing 10 miles on the side of each river to be a cultivated valley, we shall have 18 geographical miles for the width of this forest, and its length from north to south is probably about 70 miles. All the rude tribes occupying this mountainous space, and the valleys winding through it, seem to be subject to the Zabua of Momeit, who is one of the most considerable chiefs of this title; but he seems to have been included by the slave among the Shan of the Tailung race, as he is not mentioned in this map, representing the Shanwa or Mrelap Shan territory (Phil, Journ. vol. iv. p. 81).

Between the Mringngah and Saluæn, is also a space of about the same width, the whole of which, after leaving the valley on the banks of the former, seems at one time to have belonged to Laos; and among its mountains towards the north are the valuable mines of Boduan, taken not long ago from the Chinese (Phil. Journ. vol. iv. p. 79.), and producing gold, silver, and rubies. The southern part of this space is occupied by the Shan called Palaun, who pickle tea-leaves (Phil. Journ. vol. iv. p. 86.), and are probably subject to the Zabua of Seinni, a powerful chief, whose capital is placed between the Mringngah and Saluæn, near where the territory of the Shanwas widens to its full extent. Farther north it is chiefly confined to the valley of the Mringngah, in which are Taunbain, Mainboun, Sibho, and Sounzhæh.

The most important situation in this map to ascertain is that of Dhanukia, the ferry on the route to Zænmæ. If we place the course of the Saluæn half a degree farther east than it stands in Arrowsmith's map of Asia, as I have proposed (Phil. Journ. vol. x. p. 63.), and take a situation on that river equally distant (thirteen days' journey) from Amarapura and Taunu, as represented in the accompanying map, we shall have this ferry in about 98° 20′ E. and in about 20° 40′ N., about 120 geographical, or 139 British miles, in a straight line from Amarapura and Taunu, and 90 geographical (104 British) miles from Zænmæ. Farther, the day's journey on this on this map, in great distances, will give about 10 miles; from whence some estimate may be made of the real distances between the different places, by making a proper allowance for the winding of the roads and

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ART. IX.—Description of a Variation in the Form of Bent Tubes, formerly described, for experimenting on small quantities of Gases. By Mr WILLIAM KERR. Communicated by the Author.

*

IN a recent communication I described a simple form of a bent tube, very convenient for the collection and absorption of small quantities of gas. In the present paper, I beg leave to lay before the public the account of an apparatus, which differs in some respects from the former, but by which the gas evolved, at any period of an experiment, may be examined, unmixed with atmospheric air, without diluting the liquid in the apparatus, or in any manner disturbing the experiment going on. This apparatus is also a bent tube, and differs from my former in being open at both ends, and in having the second branch, or that corresponding to the shut branch of the tube formerly described, bent downwards a little above its middle, at an angle somewhat greater than that formed by the inclination of the two branches. In Fig. 7., Plate VII., A is the first branch, or that through which the materials are most conveniently introduced; B represents the ascending part of the second branch, and C the descending part of the same branch, which can be shut at its inferior end by the stopper D, or by cork coated with wax, to resist the action of acids.

When this tube is to be used, the extremity of the descending part of the second branch must first be shut by a stopper or cork, and the liquid poured into the first branch, till it has occupied the whole of the second. This may easily be done by a little address, in nearly the same manner as was described in my former communication, for filling a bent tube of the simplest form. The tube is now to be placed so, that its first angle shall be its lowest point, when the solid substance to be acted on is to be dropped into the open end of the first branch. This body will slide down to the lowest point, and, owing to the construction of this part of the tube being the same as that of the tube formerly described, the gas evolved will rise into the ascending

* Page 53, of this volume.

part of the second branch. As the gas accumulates in this branch, it displaces the liquid, which ascends in the other. The descending part of the second branch, however, will still remain filled with liquid, which is now to be run back into the first branch, by elevating the shut end of the tube somewhat higher than the second angle. In this manipulation, the spilling of liquid from the open mouth of the first branch, or the introduétion of atmospheric air into the gas, through the same branch, may be avoided, because the second is greater than the first angle of the tube *.

When the operator wishes to collect any of the gas in a separate vessel, he dips the inferior end of the descending part of the second branch beneath the surface of water, or mercury, according to the nature of the gas evolved. The stopper or cork D is then to be taken out, when the gas will issue from the mouth of the tube. When a sufficient quantity of gas has been collected, the stopper or cork is replaced.

Several tubes, such as have been just described, may be placed in longitudinal slits made in a wooden board, which, for the sake of convenience, should be attached in a horizontal position to the upper edge of one of the sides of an oblong pneumatic trough. A trough and shelf of a convenient size, together with one of the tubes in its place, are represented in Fig. 8. The internal measurement of this trough is 7 inches in depth, the same in width, and 10 in length. E is a horizontal shelf, with 4 slits, for holding the same number of tubes. The extremities of this shelf rest on the end-boards of the pneumatic trough, prolonged beyond the trough itself. Within the trough, and on the side next the shelf for holding the tubes, another shelf F is placed, like the common shelf in a pneumatic trough, at the depth of an inch or two. This shelf runs the whole length of the trough, viz. 10 inches, is 3 inches broad, and has slits cut in it corresponding to those in the other shelf. When any of the gas is to be transmitted from one of these tubes into a receiver, this is

• That is, the recurved part C forms a greater angle with the ascending part B of the same branch, than the two branches do with each other, though the last mentioned angle may be taken for the greatest, because it is more rounded,-or rather, the vertex of this angle is not formed, the two branches being united a little higher by a small portion of tube, in a position nearly horizontal.

placed on the shelf within the trough, the descending part of the second branch dips beneath it through one of the slits in that shelf, and, on the stopper D being withdrawn, the gas ascends from the tube into the receiver. Wine-glasses and small phials may be conveniently employed as receivers. If a mercurial, instead of a water, pneumatic trough be employed, the gas within the tube may not be able to make its escape through the descending part of the second branch, on account of the pressure of the mercury; but if the upper orifice of the first branch be corked, the gas will be forced to pass along its proper course. When the experiment requires the application of heat, a pot filled with hot sand may be placed beneath the shelf E, the curvature of the tube being sunk in the sand.

The descending part of the second branch should be of such a length as to dip beneath the surface of the liquid in a pneumatic trough, and, if the whole tube be 10 or 13 inches long, the length of this part should be from 2 to 24 inches. This partmust be shorter than the ascending part of the same branch; for when the stopper is taken out, in order to procure gas, the pressure of the atmosphere becomes equal on the surfaces of the liquid in the first branch, and in the ascending part of the second; the liquid, of course, rises to the same perpendicular height in both. If both parts of the second branch were equal, some of the liquid might pass over the second angle, and be lost in the pneumatic trough. The first branch should be large enough to hold the whole of the liquid contained in the second, so that when the inferior orifice of the descending part of the second branch is closed, there may be no danger of the accumulation of gas forcing a quantity of liquid out at the upper orifice of the tube. After the tube is made, if the first branch is found to be not sufficiently capacious, it may be made to hold more liquid by blowing out part of it into a globular form, as represented in the figure.

The tube which I described in a former communication*, and the one which I have described in the present, being both bent, it will be necessary to give to each a distinct name. Perhaps the name Sealed Bent Tube may be appropriately applied to the first, and Open Bent Tube to the present contrivance.

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