publish jour 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from To keep and time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their nals, &c. judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. ment. 4. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the Adjourn consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION 6. representa paid, &c. 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation Senators and for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasu- tives to be ry of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, Privileges. felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he Disability to was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the hold offices. United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office: SECTION 7. bills. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of re- Revenue presentatives; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. proceeding 2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives The forms of and the senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the pre- on bills. sident of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, twothirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. resolutions, except for ment. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Ib. on joint senate and house of representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the president of the adjourn United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by twothirds of the senate and house of representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Importation of certain persons not SECTION 8. The congress shall have power, 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States: 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States: 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes: 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States: 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures: 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States: 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads: 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries : 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court: To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations: 10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water: 11. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use, shall be for a longer term than two years: 12. To provide and maintain a navy: 13. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces: 14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions : 15. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress: 16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings: and, 17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION 9. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states to be prohi now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by bited until the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, after 1:08. but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. beas corpus. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspend- Writ of ha ed, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. Bills of attainder, &c. 3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in propor- Direct taxes. tion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. duty, not 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No export No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or reve- preference nue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels of one state bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in &c. another. to another, expended by 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence Money to be of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account legal appro of the receipts and expenditures of all public money, shall be publish- priation oned from time to time. bility, &c. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and Titles of nono person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SECTION 10. bidden to the 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; Powers for grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; states indi make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of vidually. debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility. which the ly under the congress. 2. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any im- Powers posts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely states can necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the nett produce of exercise on all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall sanction of be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE 2. power vest 1. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United Executive States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four ed in a presiyears, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: dent, &c. president &c. 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature Electors of thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number and viceof senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in president, the congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. of &c. Their pro ceedings. Meeting of [3. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by the letters, ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for president; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote: a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the vice{'Annulled. president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal See amend votes, the senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the vice-presi ments, art. 12.] Time of choosing electors. Qualifica tions of the president. In case of the office of dent.*] 4. The congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shali be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any person be eligible to that office, who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 6. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his vacancy in death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of president, the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president, and the sident to act, congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. the vice-pre &c. tion of the Compensa. 7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a president. compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. The presi dent to take an oath. 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States." SECTION 2. 1. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and Powers of the presinavy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, dent. when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of Ib. the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may re happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION 3. and powers. 1. He shall, from time to time give to the congress information of Other duties the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration, such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient: he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION 4. ble to im 1. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United Officers lia States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convic-peachment. tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE 3. SECTION 1. hold their 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Judicial supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from power. time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme Judges to and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and offices du shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which ring good shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION 2. behavior, &o. the judicia! power. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, Extent of arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all |