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2. Operating expense of commercial and industrial units. 3. Public debt, which consists of interest on public debt, payments to sinking funds, and repayment of loans.

4. Expenses of general administration as divided into executive, legislative, and adjudication purposes.

5. Protective service, such as national defense, law and order, public health, and suppression of animal diseases and plant pests.

6. Social improvement, consisting of public education, public correction, public charities, and other social improvement.

7. Economic development, which consists of conservation of natural resources, development of commerce, development of agriculture, and the development of arts and sciences. 8. Aid to local governments.

9. Retirement gratuities, or money paid to retiring officials.

10. Emergency service, as approved by the Emergency Board.

II. Outlays and investments, consisting of the construction and purchase of equipment, corporate investments, and advances to railway companies under guaranty contracts.

The total expenditures of the Central Government is close to P90,000,000 annually.

163. The Debt of the Philippines. -The Jones Law (Sec. 11) provided that the entire indebtedness of the Philippine Government shall not exceed the sum of P30,000,000 exclusive of the Friar land bonds. In 1921, Congress increased this to P50,000,000. As Friar land bonds have been issued in the amount of P14,000,000, the limit of the debt of the Philippine Islands is now P64,000,000. In comparison with the debts of other countries, the debt of the Government of the Philippine Islands reaches an insignificant total.

The Jones Law (Sec. 11) further provides that any province or municipality may incur an indebtedness in a sum not in excess of seven per cent of the total tax valuation of its real property. When a province or municipality desires to issue bonds, it must secure the favorable recommendation of the Secretary of Finance and the approval of the Council of State. The money secured from the bonds can then be used for the purpose of acquiring or constructing permanent improvements.

164. The Emergency Board. -- Every year a sum is set aside for the emergency service. The sum asked for in 1920 was 3,000,000 ($1,500,000). This money is in charge of the Emergency Board, which is composed of the chairman of the finance committee of the Senate, the chairman of the committee on appropriations of the House, the Secretary of Justice, the Insular Auditor, and the Secretary of Finance, the latter to act as the chairman.

The work of the Emergency Board is to receive and study the petitions for extra funds from bureaus or offices confronted with emergency expenditures unlooked for at the time of the enactment of the Appropriation Law. The Emergency Board reports to the Governor-General and the presiding officers of both Houses, who have the final decision on the disbursement of the fund.

165. The Bureau of Audits. The President of the United States appoints an Auditor and a Deputy Auditor to have charge of the Bureau of Audits. The Auditor is under the general supervision of the Governor-General. In case of the absence of both the Auditor and the Deputy Auditor the Governor-General may designate an assistant auditor who shall have charge of the bureau.

The Auditor has the duty of auditing, examining, and settling all accounts pertaining to the revenues and receipts

of the Philippine Government, and of the provincial and municipal governments of the Philippines. He also audits the expenditures of all funds or property held in trust by the provinces or municipalities. It is the duty of the Auditor to bring to the attention of the proper administrative officer expenditures of funds or property which, in his opinion, are irregular, unnecessary, excessive, or extravagant. He has the power to summon witnesses, issue subpoenas, force attendance of witnesses, administer oaths, and take evidence. The Bureau of Audits can also settle accounts between the bureaus and investigate the accounts of any railroad company or corporation operating in the Philippine Islands. The Bureau of Audits thus acts as a check on all the different branches of the Government so that all expenditures not authorized by law may be avoided.

The jurisdiction of the Auditor over all accounts is exclusive. The party aggrieved or the head of the department, however, may, within one year, appeal in writing to the Governor-General. In case the Governor-General confirms the action of the Auditor, then the decision is final, but should the Governor-General fail to sustain the action of the Auditor, the case will be sent to the Secretary of War for final decision. 166. The Bureau of the Treasury. The Bureau of the Treasury is charged with the safekeeping of government funds, the supervision of banks, banking, and currency, and the administration of the laws of the United States and of the Philippine Islands relating to coinage and currency. The Insular Treasurer is the custodian of all governmental funds in the Insular Treasury. He also receives special deposits of money or securities from individuals in connection with governmental transactions. The Governor-General designates certain banks in the United States as depositaries of funds of the Philippine Government.

The Insular Treasurer has administrative control over the loan and investment of funds in the Insular Treasury. Some of these lendable funds are the sinking funds created by Insular appropriation, the property-insurance fund, the fidelity fund, the land-registration assurance fund, and the provincial, municipal, and public-improvements fund.

The Treasurer makes a daily statement to the Auditor of the receipts and disbursements of treasury funds. He also forwards to the Secretary of War and to the Secretary of Finance a monthly report of moneys received and disbursed during the month. →exchange

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167. Philippine Money. - The Philippines is on the socalled gold standard basis. In other words, our money represents the value of gold. in regard to foreign trade having gold stard and The Philippine peso is the standard of value of a theoretical gold peso of the value of a half of the United States dollar. The Philippine peso represents 12.90 grains of gold, yet it is silver, a fact which may be puzzling. But it stands for the definite standard of gold. In order to maintain the parity of the actual silver peso or silver certificate and the theoretical gold, a gold standard is created. In case the gold represented in our silver peso should by the fluctuation of the market be worth more, then there would be money to back up our currency.

Heretofore Philippine money has been coined in the mints of the United States, but the Philippine Legislature recently passed a law creating the Philippine Mint. The Philippine Mint is now coining money for the Islands.

The Insular Government and some banks are allowed to issue paper money under certain conditions.

CHAPTER XVII

DEPARTMENTAL ACTIVITIES

168. Departmental Organization. -The administration of the Philippine Government is carried on by six executive departments, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Public Instruction, the Department of Finance, the Department of Justice, the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and the Department of Commerce and Communications. There are, however, four other officials, as we have seen, who are considered department heads with respect to the offices under them. They are the GovernorGeneral, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Each of the six departments has control of the bureaus and offices under its jurisdiction.

Each bureau usually has a director who exercises, subject to the executive supervision of the proper department head, general authority in all matters assigned to the bureau. He may be aided by one or more assistant directors. Every bureau chief has the power, subject to the departmental control, to prescribe regulations or general orders, to secure the harmonious and efficient administration of his bureau and to fulfill the laws pertaining to the jurisdiction of his bureau. He may employ or discharge minor subordinates subject to the general control of the department head. In his absence and in that of the assistant director, the department head may designate as acting chief the under-secretary of the department or any officer or employee of the depart

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