courses for the training of nurses, which are, however, subject to the visitation of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines. The director of the hospital has supervision not alone over the Philippine General Hospital but also over hospitals of the same nature established in other parts of the Philippines, such as the Cebu Hospital.

174. The Commissioner of Public Welfare. For many years no effort was made to coördinate the efforts of public and private agencies which were interested in public welfare or social service work. Eventually, however, the Public Welfare Board and the Bureau of Dependent Children were authorized. Recently, these offices were abolished and the governmental activities were concentrated under an officer known as the Commissioner of Public Welfare.

The Commissioner of Public Welfare is appointed by the Governor-General with the consent of the Philippine Senate. He performs his duties under the immediate executive supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. An office is maintained in the City of Manila for the conduct of business, for the investigation of social conditions, and for the dissemination of publications. Social centers and other agencies are established and maintained throughout the Islands. Sums of money or properties are received and expended to take care of charity cases or for other general public welfare purposes. The money appropriated by the Legislature for the protection of infants is distributed by this office. The Commissioner of Public Welfare also acts in an advisory capacity to the Secretary of the Interior in all matters pertaining to public charity and welfare, appoints and organizes committees of citizens to help him in his work, and submits to the department head an annual report.

What was before known as the Bureau of Dependent Children is now a division of the office of the Commissioner

of Public Welfare. An institution has been provided at San Pedro Macati near Manila where children without means of support are looked after and educated. Orphan or needy children are there given an education in a useful trade or occupation. Children who are invalids are provided with the necessary care. Children may also be admitted to the institution or committed to the same by order of the courts of justice.

II. THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 175. Creation of the Department of Public Instruction. The Department of Public Instruction is the only department which is provided for in the Jones Law. (Section 23.) By the provisions of that Law it includes the Bureau of Education and the Bureau of Health (Philippine Health Service). The only other bureau that has been placed under it by the Philippine Legislature is the Bureau of Quarantine Service. The Department naturally also supervises the private schools. The other bureaus which were formerly under the Department of Public Instruction have been transferred to other depart

ments.

The Vice-Governor is made the head of the Department of Public Instruction by the Jones Law.

176. The Bureau of Education. — The Bureau of Education administers the public school system. There is the Director of Education, and the Assistant Director of Education. The Director of Education has the following powers and duties:

1. He shall establish elementary schools in every town in the Islands, where practicable.

2. He shall have authority to establish night schools.

3. He shall fix the salaries of teachers within the limits established by law.

4. He shall fix the curricula for all public schools under his jurisdiction.

5. He shall prescribe the authority to be exercised by the principal teacher of each school over the other teachers, if any, and his duties as teacher while actually engaged in the work of instruction and in caring for the schoolhouse and school property.

6. He shall approve plans for the construction of schoolhouses to be built by the municipalities or provinces, and shall fix the amount of land required in each case.

7. He shall prescribe rules of hygiene to be observed in connection with the schools of the Islands.

8. He shall have power to determine the towns in which teachers, to be paid out of the Insular Treasury, shall teach; and he may exercise this discretion in favor of those towns which shall construct and maintain suitable schoolhouses by local taxation or contributions.

9. He shall maintain, in Manila or elsewhere in the Philippine Islands, classes to furnish superior instruction to teachers, as may be by law allowed or required.

177. School Divisions. - The Director of Education, with the approval of the Secretary of Public Instruction, divides the Philippines into as many school divisions as may be required. A division superintendent of schools is assigned to each school division. The superintendent exercises general control over the public schools and school interests in the division. He also appoints municipal teachers and fixes their salaries from year to year within the limits of the funds appropriated by the municipal council; orders from the general office of the Bureau of Education the supplies and textbooks needed in his division; requires compliance with the curriculum of the schools; and controls the uses of the municipal and provincial school buildings.

178. Local School Districts. For school administration one or more municipalities may constitute a school district. A supervising teacher is in charge. It is the duty of the municipal government to make ample provision for the support of all the schools established within its jurisdiction.

In every municipality there is a school board consisting of four or six members, as the division superintendent may determine, in addition to the president of the municipality, who is a member ex-officio. One-half of the members, except the president, are elected by the municipal council, and one-half are appointed by the division superintendent. The term of office of all the members who hold their position by appointment or election is two years and until their successors are duly elected or appointed. It is provided that at least one elective and one appointive member shall be women, thus making at least two women members of the school board. The local school board visits the schools of the town and reports to the division superintendent as to the condition and attendance of the pupils; recommends sites and plans to the municipal council when schoolhouses are to be erected; adopts rules, subject to the supervision of the division superintendent, where there are two or more schools in the town, for assigning the pupils of the town to several schools; and reports annually to the municipal council the amount of money which should be raised for the current year by local taxation for school purposes.

179. Types of Schools. There are generally four types of schools under the Bureau of Education: primary, intermediate, secondary, and special schools for vocational purposes. The primary and intermediate courses are included in the elementary schools. The length of the course of study for the primary schools is four years; for the intermediate, three years; and for the secondary, four years. The sec

ondary courses are divided into general, normal, housekeeping and household arts, commercial, and agricultural courses. The Bureau of Education has also provided special schools for vocational purposes, such as farm schools, agricultural schools, settlement farm schools, industrial schools, and normal schools; and in Manila the Philippine School of Commerce, the School for the Deaf and Blind, the Philippine Nautical School, and the Philippine School of Arts and Trades.

180. Importance of Public Instruction. No other activity has received such encouragement from both the people and the Government as the public school system. The first Act passed by the Philippine Assembly was the appropriation of one million pesos for the erection of public school buildings. About twenty per cent of the revenues of the Government is spent for school purposes.

The Bureau of Education is much larger than any other government bureau or organization in the Philippines. The number of teachers employed exceeds 20,000. The schools number approximately 7,000, in which are enrolled nearly 1,000,000 pupils. The total expenditure for the support of the public schools reaches P15,000,000 and it is planned to increase the annual appropriations year by year until at least 1,500,000 children are attending school regularly.

The centralized organization has made it possible to put into operation throughout the Islands the best methods decided upon by specialists and professional educators. The practical system of education, as well as the results obtained, have merited commendation from leading educators in many countries.

The work of the Bureau has not been confined to classroom instruction and administration of schools. Much has been done through the schools to promote civic enterprises