Music. All the colleges and schools are located in Manila with the exception of the Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science and the Forest School, which are in Los Baños Laguna. A branch of the University has been established in Cebu.

199. The Philippine Library and Museum. - An educational activity of the Philippine Government under the Department of Justice is the Philippine Library and Museum. This is not merely a single library, but is a system of libraries. It is the purpose of the Government to place branches

THE PHILIPPINE LIBRARY AND MUSEUM BUILDING In course of construction, which will be used by the Philippine Legislature until the Legislative Building is built

of the library in all provinces. At present there are library branches established in the capitals of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Cebu, and Zamboanga. In the central library there are more than 500,000 volumes.

An important activity of the Philippine Library and Museum is the Legislative Reference Division, which has been established to help members of the Legislature and other officials in the preparation of bills and to furnish them such information on public affairs as can be found in the 340,000 and more books and publications in the division. The

division contains a collection of public documents of the Philippines and the United States. The work of the division covers the investigation of legislation and governmental activities of other countries. Upon the petition of a member of the Legislature it can compile and gather information and prepare opinions and memoranda. It also undertakes researches of matters of public importance on its own initiative.

Another important division of the Philippine Library and Museum is the Filipiniana Division, which has the most complete stock of books on the Philippines. Many collections of historical interest have been added to the division; such are the collections of Dr. José Rizal, James LeRoy, José Zulueta, T. H. Pardo de Tarvera, Campañía General de Tabacos, and Mariano Ponce.

The Museum Division consists of the historical section, the fine arts section, and the ethnographical section.

The Archives Division contains the archives of the Spanish Government. By the Treaty of Paris of 1898 the Government of the United States agreed to conserve the public documents which belong to Spain. The Archives Division contains therefore the historical documents of three centuries and a half of Spanish administration in the Islands.

200. The Philippine Militia. A Philippine militia was established in 1917 by Act 2715 of the Philippine Legislature. Its initial purpose was to help the United States during the Great War.

The militia is divided into two classes: First, the regularly enlisted militia, known as the National Guard; and second, the reserve militia, composed of those who are not in active service. The Governor-General is the commander-in-chief of all the militia. There is a Militia Commission established to advise him as to the permanent organization, equipment,

and government of the National Guard and the reserve militia. The Militia Commission is composed of the Secretary of the Interior, the Presidents of both Houses of the Philippine Legislature or their representatives, the Secretary of Finance, the Secretary of Justice, and two other members appointed by the Governor-General.

201. The Philippine National Bank. For the purpose of helping in the agricultural, commercial, and industrial development of the Philippines, a Philippine National Bank has been organized with more than fifty per cent of the stock owned by the Government of the Philippine Islands. The voting power of the government stock is vested in a committee consisting of the Governor-General, the President of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Bank is administered by a board of directors presided over by the president of the Bank. Branches have been established in New York, in Shanghai, and in many provincial capitals.

The original authorized capital of the National Bank was 20,000,000 pesos but it was later increased to 50,000,000 pesos. The assets have already reached over 300,000,000

pesos.

The Bank is authorized to make loans not to exceed fifty per cent of its capital and surplus and all amounts realized from the sale of real estate bonds. It is also authorized to issue circulating notes, the amount of which shall not exceed the paid-up capital stock and surplus of the Bank plus the amount of its gold coin.

202. The Manila Railroad Company. The original franchise of what is now the Manila Railroad Company was granted by the Spanish crown in 1887. The line first ran only from Manila to Dagupan. On January 8, 1917, the Philippine Government acquired the Manila Railroad.

The Manila Railroad Company is governed by a board of directors composed of ten members and a general manager. As in other companies owned by the Government, the voting power is vested in a committee composed of the GovernorGeneral and the presiding officers of both Houses of the Legislature. The Manila Railroad Company lines now extend north and south from Manila and have a total length of more than 1000 kilometers.

203. Government Development Companies. The Philippine Government is perhaps the most paternalistic government under the American flag. It has taken up many activities which are generally left to private individuals. It has followed a policy of nationalizing and controlling industries when public welfare seemed to demand such a step.

The greatest development company established by the Government is the National Development Company. Its authorized capital is 50,000,000 pesos (25,000,000 dollars). It has been given great powers. It can engage in any commercial, industrial, and agricultural enterprise necessary to the economic development of the country and its public welfare. The stock of the company is controlled, as in other government companies, by a committee of three presided over by the Governor-General.

Other development companies owned by the Government are the National Cement Company, the National Iron Company, and the National Coal Company, for the development respectively of cement, iron, and coal.

CHAPTER XIX

BASIC AMERICAN PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT

204. Extension of Basic American Principles. The American occupation of the Philippines brought with it certain fundamental ideas of government which, because of their importance and of the rôle they have played in the development of an efficient and a just government here, may be termed basic American principles. Their establishment in the Philippines is possibly one of the greatest benefits, if not the greatest, that the Filipinos have derived from American occupation.

A large part of these basic principles are contained in President McKinley's instructions to the Philippine Commission, as well as in the Bill of Rights of the Philippine Bill of 1902 and in the Jones Law of 1916. Other principles are not found in concrete writings but are derived from the general nature of American governmental institutions. As President McKinley stated it in his instructions to the Second Commission, "there are certain great principles of government which have been made the basis of our governmental system, which we deem essential to the rule of law and the maintenance of individual freedom and of which they (the Filipinos) have, unfortunately, been denied the experience possessed by us."

These basic principles of government form the constitu- / tional guarantees of our personal liberty, although it must be noted that they are simply enactments by the American