changes since 1898. These changes have all been in the nature of extensions of autonomous government. The Act of Congress of July 1, 1902, called the Philippine Bill, was entitled, “An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of Civil Government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." The Act of Congress of August 29, 1916, commonly known as the Jones Law, was intended to decide the future status of the Philippines. The Act is entitled, "An Act to declare the purpose of the people of the United States as to the future political status of the people of the Philippine Islands, and to provide a more autonomous government for those islands." It is expressly stipulated in the preamble of that Act that the Philippines will be given independence upon the fulfillment of certain conditions. The status of the Philippines, therefore, is that of a prospective independent state that already enjoys a very large measure of self-government.

296. Diplomatic Protection Abroad. The United States, for the purpose of carrying on international relations with other states, maintains diplomatic representatives known as ambassadors or ministers at the capitals of other states, and consuls at large cities. These officials have important duties in connection with diplomacy and commerce, and also look out for the interests of American citizens who are

travelling in foreign countries. Since the Philippines is a part of the United States, citizens of the Philippine Islands enjoy the same protection as do Americans. If a Filipino citizen travelling abroad finds himself in difficulties, he can apply for help to the nearest diplomatic or consular representative of the United States.

297. Passports. Before a person visits a foreign country, he is usually required to obtain a passport, an official document which establishes his identity. Before starting on his

journey the passport must be viséed by the consular representatives of all the countries which he will visit. The passport requests that the person or persons named therein be permitted" safely and freely to pass and in case of need be given "all lawful aid and protection." The regulations concerning passports are stringent in time of war, and the possession of a properly viséed passport by the prospective traveller is the only way to avoid inconvenience. Passports | granted in the Philippine Islands are signed by the GovernorGeneral.

298. Extradition. - Extradition is the act by which a state, upon demand, delivers up an individual accused or convicted of an offense committed outside of its own territory to the representative of the state in the territory of which the offense was committed. A state is not required to surrender to the representatives of another state a person who has committed an offense within its own territory. Treaties are made to establish extraditional relations between nations, and it is generally the practice that no nation will permit the extradition of an individual under its jurisdiction unless such a treaty exists. Acts of Congress of the\ United States and treaties between the United States and other states determine the procedure for extraditing a fugitive from justice from the Philippines to another country, or from another country to the Philippines.

299. The Resident Commissioners. When Governor Taft went to Washington in 1902 to inform Congress of conditions in the Philippines, he advocated the sending of Philippine delegates to represent the Philippines at Washington. As a result of his recommendation the Philippine Bill of 1902 provided for two resident commissioners. The Commission and Assembly were each to elect one commissioner and submit his name to the other house for rati

fication. There was no election unless the action of one house was ratified by the other. The first resident commissioners, Pablo Ocampo and Benito Legarda, arrived in Washington in 1907 and were accorded seats and all the other privileges of members of the House of Representatives of the United States, except the power to vote.

Resident commissioners are elected by the Philippine Legislature for a term of three years. They receive the same salary as members of the House of Representatives of the United States, an allowance for clerk hire and stationery, and a fixed sum for travelling expenses. They can speak in the House, but they cannot vote. While the privilege of addressing the House is not limited to matters concerning the Philippine Islands, prudence dictates that the Philippine commissioners should participate in the deliberations of the House only in case Philippine questions are up for discussion. The most important work performed by the resident commissioners has been to advise concerning Philippine affairs and to act as official spokesmen of Filipino aspirations before the Congress and the people of the United States.

300. The Bureau of Insular Affairs. The Bureau of Insular Affairs is the bureau of the War Department of the United States through which the Secretary of War supervises the administration of the Philippines. Practically all administrative orders from Washington to the Philippine government come through the Bureau of Insular Affairs.

The Bureau of Insular Affairs is under a chief appointed by the President for a term of four years. While holding office the chief of the bureau has the rank and pay of a brigadier-general, and is entitled to two assistants, one a colonel and the other a major in rank. The Bureau of Insular Affairs furnishes the President, the Secretary of

War, the Congress, and also the public, with information about the Philippines and Porto Rico. It supervises the financial operations of the Philippine Government (also that of Porto Rico), such as the floating of bond issues, the guarding of deposits in the United States, and the purchasing of supplies which are required by the Government. The Bureau of Insular Affairs, upon the recommendation of the Governor-General or of the branch of the Philippine government primarily concerned, selects Americans for service in the Philippines.

In so far as the Bureau of Insular Affairs and the War Department have anything to do with policies, the aim "has been to foster autonomous governments in the Islands subject to its jurisdiction, to avoid interference with the governments there established, and to protect such governments in so far as possible from interference by other departments and branches of our government." 1

301. Philippine Agencies in the United States. The Philippine government maintains certain agencies in the United States whose function it is to look after Philippine interests. Commercial agencies have been established in New York and in San Francisco for the purpose of fostering Philippine trade through the dissemination of trade information among American business men. The Purchasing Agent in New York acts as the agent of the Bureau of Supply for the purpose of purchasing materials for the use of the Philippine Government. The Philippine National | Bank has a branch in New York City which has charge of various financial matters in which the Philippine Government is concerned. The Philippine Press Bureau of the Commission of Independence endeavors to acquaint the American public with political conditions in the Philippines, 1 Memorandum, War Department, Mar. 4, 1914.