of our opposition to the Communist tyranny, and gives notice to both the slave world and the free that this cause will not be abandoned. It is important that the United States continue to demonstrate interest in all who escape, including the weak and the handicapped, many of whom will need special attention to become adapted to life in the free world.

By the same gesture, the scientific arsenal of the free world is reinforced. During the past 2 years comparatively large numbers of highly qualified European escapee scientists have entered the United States. To facilitate the continuing entry of such scientists, a contractual arrangement has been made with the National Academy of Sciences which is now completing an evaluation of over 900 more cases, including physicists, mathematicians, chemists, electrical, civil and mechanical engineers, and other natural scientists such as biologists and geologists. The Far East refugee program of the U.S. escapee program has assisted several hundred representatives of the scientific and academic fields to enter the United States under the terms of Public Law 85-316. One recent planeload of anti-Communist escapees from Hong Kong included a professor of mathematics, a distinguished physicist, an M.I.T. graduate chemical engineer, an aeronautical engineer, a surgeon, an educator with a doctorate of education from Columbia University, and over 20 other unusually qualified persons.

The success of the escapee program and other free world assistance to refugees continues to be reflected in the intensity of the Soviet and satellite anti-emigration campaign. It is cunningly designed to discredit and demoralize emigre groups, especially by inducing the repatriation of refugees. The Communist-instigated special publications for refugees, the radio broadcasts, the individual letters and visits, and the activities of the Soviet Committee for Return to the Homeland (and its satellite counterparts) all continue relentlessly.

During fiscal years 1958 and 1959, in the interest of placing USEP assistance to new refugees on a more current basis, a concentrated effort was begun to find a satisfactory solution for those escapees who fled their homeland more than 3 years ago. Already we have achieved a substantial degree of success; approximately 85 percent of such cases have been removed from the caseload. This involved the reestablishment of most of the so-called difficult to resettle and handicapped cases that constitute much of the older caseload. Most of these persons had already previously been rejected for resettlement by immigration countries.

This effort to clean up the old caseload will be continued and intensified during the coming year. Overseas resettlement, where possible, will get priority emphasis, including further efforts to develop new resettlement opportunities. However, an increasing number of local placements through institutional care or other permanent integration arrangements in asylum countries will also be carried out. The completion of the special program by January 1, 1960, should enable USEP henceforth to devote all its effort to the new escapee so as to ensure his reestablishment within a maximum period of 3 years from his escape date.

Since its beginning in 1952 USEP has helped over 300,000 escapees. Due to our success in reducing the caseload through resettlement and local integration, we are requesting only $5.2 million for USEP for fiscal year 1960, a reduction of $3.4 million from the $8.6 million appropriated in 1959.

THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR EUROPEAN MIGRATION

ICEM was organized on United States initiative at the Brussels Conference on Migration in 1951, initially with 15 members. There are now 28 Government members. Although not a United Nations body, ICEM collaborates closely with the International Labor Office and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

ICEM's primary purpose is to facilitate and increase the movement of migrants and refugees out of Europe, who would not otherwise be moved; and simultaneously to supply needed manpower to the developing economies of overseas immigration countries, such as Australia, Canada, the Latin American countries, New Zealand, South Africa and Rhodesia. Austria, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Greece are overpopulated countries in Europe requiring international assistance to move excess populations. Selected emigration must still take place from Germany, due mostly to her unbalanced population structure, the residual

presence of large numbers of non-German refugees, and the constant arrival of German refugees from Soviet-controlled areas.

The United States is interested in maintaining economic and political viability in these friendly allied countries in Europe. This purpose will be jeopardized if these countries remain overburdened by more population-whether nationals or refugees-than their economies can absorb in terms of available space and capital investment.

ICEM moved 810,000 persons out of Europe between January 1, 1952, and December 31, 1958. Of this total, approximately 45 percent were refugees. Included in the total refugee groups were 62,722 Hungarian refugees moved to overseas countries. In addition, 12,635 European refugees were removed from Communist China through Hong Kong during the same period. Of the nonrefugee group moved by ICEM, one-third has consisted of wives and children joining the breadwinner of the family who has preceded them overseas. These family reunions have contributed to the stabilization of recent migration.

Total movements in 1957 were 180,000, the highest of any year in ICEM's experience. With fewer Hungarians to be moved out of Europe and the lessening of political and economic pressures on migrants in Europe, overseas movements totaled 94,000 in 1958, of which 39,000 were refugees. In 1959 and 1960, total movements are expected to approximate 125,000 per year.

Since the substantial movement in 1957, there has been a growing demand in receiving countries for better balance in their total intake between skilled and unskilled immigrants. It is estimated that each skilled immigrant makes possible the employment of three unskilled indigenous or immigrant workers. In re sponse to this demand, ICEM has assisted immigration governments to improve their procedures for determining requirements in terms of the numbers and skills of immigrants and for selecting such immigrants abroad; and has given technical assistance to emigration countries, such as Italy and Greece, in organizing language, vocational and orientation courses for migrants already preselected for emigration. In addition, efforts have been made to exploit new opportunities or emigration from Europe developing in Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. To provide the U.S. contribution to ICEM for these movements, an appropriation for fiscal year 1960 in the amount of $12,200,000 is requested, a reduction of $300,000 from fiscal year 1959. Of this amount, $900,213 is for administrative expenditure and $11,299,787 for operational expenditure. The U.S. contribution to the operational expenditure is voluntary and may not exceed 45 percent of the cash contributions of all member governments; the administrative expenditure contribution is obligatory.

THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was authorized by a United Nations General Assembly resolution of December 2, 1957, to conduct a program to succeed the United Nations Refugee Fund (UNREF) which ended December 31, 1958. The UNHCR's program is flexible, designed to avoid rigid long-term plans by enabling governments to determine on an annual basis the specific refugee problems to which they wish to contribute during the particular year and which can be eliminated or reduced by international effort during that year.

During 1959 and 1960 the new program will be engaged in completing certain of the unfinished undertakings of the UNREF program including primarily the camp clearance program. The balance of the new program will be concentrated upon a few selected categories of refugees for whom material aid is considered to be an international responsibility, as opposed to those for whom solutions can reasonably be expected from the governments of the countries in which the refugees are located. These selected categories include particularly refugee families with children living under substandard conditions and physically handicapped or aged refugees. Aid will also be continued for refugees of European origin leaving China, and to meet any new refugee emergencies which may arise. The implementation of the program is supervised by an executive committee, on which the United States serves, and which approves specific programs and authorizes appeals for funds.

$1.1 million requested for 1960 is a reduction of $100,000 from the amount appropriated for the High Commissioner's program last year. This reduction, while taking into account the continued significance of the Soviet orbit refugees as a symbol of freedom in the cold war, also serves notice on the governments

of the countries of asylum that international aid is available only for a diminishing number of refugees who clearly constitute an international responsibility. The U.S. contribution of $1.1 million will be made subject to the condition that it not exceed one-third of the total contributions to he UNHCR program from all governments for this purpose in 1960.

OTHER PROGRAMS

In addition to these three major operational responsibilities ORM is currently concerned with urgent problems involving refugees (mostly Jewish) from the United Arab Republic, Dutch from Indonesia, Algerians in Tunisia and Morocco, refugees from Indochina in Thailand, and migrants from the Ryukyus. There will undoubtedly be need to assist Tibetan refugees. Similar problems concern Palestinian Arab refugees, but these problems are discussed in another part of this presentation. Each of these special problems is important to U.S. foreign policy considerations.

Two recent developments in the refugee field reflect the widespread awareness of and interest in refugee matters. On December 5, 1958, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution for a World Refugee Year to begin in June 1959. The United States cosponsored and supported this resolution, which urged member states to cooperate, in accordance with the national wishes and needs of each country, in promoting a World Refugee Year as a practical means of focusing world attention on the continuing refugee problem. The recently established U.S. Committee for Refugees, a non-Government group of interested private individuals, is now consulting with the Department of State and will help to develop a comprehensive public-private program for effective U.S. participation in the World Refugee Year. The funding of any such program will have to be separate from the funding for the normal programs which are outlined in this appropriation request.

Much progress has been made in the various segments of the overall refugee program. One of the most significant achievements has been the resettlement and integration of almost all the Hungarian refugees who fled from Hungary following the October 1956 revolt. Of the 200,000 Hungarian refugees who escaped to Austria and Yugoslavia by the end of 1957, none now remain in Yugoslavia and only 13,000 remain in Austria. Of the 13,000, probably not more than 5,000 wish to emigrate.

In spite of the efforts made and the generous help which the governments of the free world, the international organizations, and private agencies have given to hundreds of thousands of refugees since the end of the last war, there still remains a significant and complex refugee problem to be solved. It is not a temporary problem; neither is it a static one. As an outgrowth of modern political development, it is a problem which poses an extremely delicate and difficult task which is international in scope and combines a demand for firmness and resolution with great human understanding, patience, and imagination.

Mr. HANES. Mr. Chairman, the funds which are being requested, which we are requesting for the three major programs which we have that operate in this general field total $18 million for fiscal year 1960, which is a reduction from the $22.3 million that was appropriated for fiscal year 1959.

I will speak about the reason for that reduction with regard to the separate programs as I come to them.

I would remind the committee that these three major programs are, the U.S. escapee program or as it is usually called USEP; the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration, ICEM; and the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees.

There are certain other miscellaneous, usually emergency situations which sometimes are taken care of outside of the framework of those three programs, but always coordinated with them.

These three programs, from an operational point of view, have been centralized in the Department of State in the Office of Refugee and Migration Affairs. Naturally we work very closely with other interested areas of the Government. For example, with regard to the

High Commissioner for Refugees, which is a United Nations program, we obviously work extremely closely with Mr. Wilcox' Bureau. The Intergovernmental Committee is not a U.N. body though it is a multilateral body of 28 free nation countries. For operational purposes we have found the centralization in one office to be a much more efficient way of coordinating what these three programs do.

Very briefly, the U.S. escapee program, a 100 percent American unilateral program, deals with recent escapees from behind the Iron Curtain. They are, of course, people of primary interest to the United States. The Intergovernmental Committee, with 28 member nations all from the free world, deals primarily with the transportation of migrants including but not limited to refugees from countries of overpopulation usually in Europe to countries that desire immigration such as Australia, Candaa, South Africa, and the Latin American countries.

The High Commissioner for Refugees has his program primarily directed toward those that do not fall under the U.S. escapee program. These are mostly older refugees: many of them have been refugees for a number of years. Some of them even, since the war, many of them in camps; obviously most of them difficult-to-settle

cases.

If they had not been difficult, most of them would not still be on the caseload of the High Commissioner for Refugees.

The High Commissioner's program also, however, deals with emergency situations that arise under his mandate.

A few facts and figures about each of the programs may be of interest to the committee. USEP, for example, which deals with the recent escapees from behind the Iron Curtain, handles these refugees in most cases from the time of their escape until the time of their resettlement.

We try to make that resettlement as quick as we can, but these are difficult matters to handle. It is important that the refugee not be resettled some place just in order to put him some place, if he must be removed again within a year or two because it doesn't work. It is much better to go at the matter carefully to find the proper place for him to go. We find that it generally takes from 1 to 2 years from the time a refugee comes out from behind the Iron Curtain until he can be resettled.

There are approximately 44,000 cases registered with USEP in Europe and in the Near East, as of the first of January, this year. Generally, they are arriving at about the rate of 800

month.

The USEP is not itself an operational program in most cases. We do have a staff. They are generally a supervisory and planning staff, and by and large UŠEP operates through the voluntary agenciesNational Catholic Welfare Service, the World Council of Churches, the Jewish agencies, and the like, which have the operational knowhow and the personnel to handle these programs.

While USEP deals with people of particular importance to the United States often of political importance, the benefits that we get in other ways than political are not inconsiderable. A number of the refugees that we get through USEP are highly skilled, many of them scientifically trained persons.

At the present time, for example, the National Academy of Sciences, under contract with USEP, is screening about 900 refugees in Europe

who are extremely highly qualified in order to advise us as to which ones are most needed in this country and where we can place them most usefully-biochemists, physicists, chemists, other technicians, and engineers.

As another example this is not confined to Europe-a recent planeload that we brought from Hong Kong of anti-Communist Chinese from China under the Far East refugee program included a professor of mathematics, a distinguished physicist, an MIT graduate chemical engineer, an aeronautical engineer, a surgeon, an educator with a doctorate of education from Columbia University, and over 20 other highly qualified and educated persons who had escaped from China.

Since 1952, USEP has helped over 300,000 escapees. During the last 2 fiscal years we have made an unusual effort to reduce our caseload by removing from it-by settling one way or another-all of those who have been on the caseload for over 3 years, so we could devote our attention really to the new escapee just as he comes out. We have been largely successful in this effort.

We have removed 85 percent from the rolls who have been on it over 3 years. We hope within the next year to remove the remaining 15 percent and have an entirely current caseload. Because of the success we have had in removing these people from the rolls and resettling them, we are able to reduce our requests for USEP this year from the $8.6 million which we received last year, to $5.2 million.

This will enable us to continue exactly the same program but, as I say, we have been successful in reducing our caseload.

The Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration was organized in 1951 on U.S. initiative. It has moved since January 1, 1952, 810,000 persons from Europe. Approximately 45 percent of these have been refugees. These include, for example, 62,000 Hungarians who were moved after the Hungarian revolution and also include 12,500 European refugees from Red China.

In line with what I said earlier, ICEM has gotten into the business not only of moving persons, but of trying to insure that such movements are permanent.

Therefore, it has become interested in establishing some minimum vocational and language training for persons before it moves them in order that they may go into a new homeland equipped to remain as permanent residents of the new land rather than continue to be refugees who are merely a problem in another area.

Our request is for $12.2 million for continuance of ICEM. A reduction of $300,000 from our request for the current fiscal year. Our actual use of this money will be dependent on contributions of others. Our contribution to ICEM is limited to 45 percent of the contributions from other countries.

Our request for participation in the High Commissioner's program is for $1.1 million, which is a slight reduction of $100,000 from our participation in his program in the current fiscal year.

This, we feel, will continue the leading role that the United States has played in this program. We contribute approximately one-third of the total funds, but the slight reduction indicates our feeling, which we believe should be made evident to other countries, that the caseload for refugees should be constantly reexamined and pruned to