that of the State has in 1920 shrunk to less than 12%,-upon the basis of careful calculation in which the purely suburban areas have been rightly classed with the urban population.

Even before 1860, New York City developed as the port of New York State and as the principal port of the country, and reached its most rapid rate of growth between 1830-1860. New York Harbor was linked with the west by the Erie Canal and the two trunk line railroads. The farming communities felt the competition of the fertile lands of the west and the improved farm land which had by 1880the period of maximum development-reached 60% of the State's area began to fall off until it shrank to about 43% in the present decade. The effect of transportation through the center of the State was already evident in 1860 when the population of New York City, as the outlet for the State and the Western States, counted 30% of the total population of the State. The "Valley Belt" was growing steadily and rapidly, with the regions north and south remaining stationary. By 1920, New York City attained 54% of the total population. The "Valley Belt" while it is only 20% of the area of the State, now contains 80% of the population. Some of the problems of this growth are vividly illustrated. For instance, the water supply of New York City is now actually reaching out into the watershed of the Schoharie (a tributary of the Mohawk River), one hundred and twenty miles away. But even this supply is estimated as sufficient for the City only until 1935. Other factors which limit the growth of cities are graphically portrayed: Rents per person increase in the larger cities; as land values rise a larger portion of the rent goes into the ground; as an escape for high land costs multi-family construction is made necessary, increasing the number of families per acre and leaving less space per person as cities grow; problems connected with the transportation of goods and men grow out of proportion to the growth of the city.

The Commission projects a map of the State showing how a proper use of its natural features may be made and showing also the development of man's inventions for harnessing nature to his needs. The data already collected are not suggested as a plan for the State, but they mark the first attempt to collect material from which may be judged the tendencies and possibilities of a more efficient use of the State in the future. The survey shows that there are certain favored regions in the State, in which use is concentrated at present; nevertheless a wider development is possible with our new methods of roadway transportation, power generation and power distribution. While it is not to be expected that the State will again develop throughout its whole area as in the period of 1840, changes are already taking place in the direction of a more widespread growth. One of the maps of the exhibit projects a widening of the "Valley Belt" by wider highways on both sides of the main trunk-line railroads, with small cities grown up along these routes. It shows a development of towns off the main highways, assisted by the electric power carried on great transmission lines.

CITY PLANNING INSTRUCTION IN AMERICAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES*

TH

By CHARLES W. ELIOT, 2ND

HERE is no college of city planning in America, no school or special place where city planning is the only subject of study, and only one in which it can be made a major subject. As yet, there is no separate profession of city planning. Those who work in this field are all trained in one or another of the older professions, and their city planning activities are usually only a part of their occupation.

It has often been said that city planning is a coöperative undertaking in which the architect, business man, engineer, landscape architect, lawyer, politician, realtor and people of many other pursuits properly have a part. Since no man can hope to be useful in all these fields at once, it is essential that the would-be "city planner" should be thoroughly grounded in one of these related subjects. To this knowledge of a single trade or profession there must be added appreciation of the position of other professions; in brief, a coöperative spirit.

Recently, in a constantly increasing number of colleges, city planning has been considered in courses on government, engineering, sociology or art. Sometimes it is only one lecture in the term, but in this way many undergraduates are introduced to the subject. By piecing together such instruction in various departments it is possible in many of the larger universities to make up a fairly well rounded introductory course in City Planning. Similarly, by going from one to another of the more specialized professional schools which offer courses in the fields included in city planning, a student may gradually be prepared for active planning work.

We should look, then, for general courses in city planning in all Universities, for its appropriate technical courses in each of the professional schools, and should hope to find coöperation or coördination for civic development taught in all of them.

*Acknowledgment is made to the many professors and their secretaries who have supplied information for this review.

On the Pacific Coast, California, Stanford, Oregon, and the State College of Washington offer courses. Professor L. B. Reynolds of Stanford gives a series of courses in Civil and Hydraulic Engineering with which may be combined a course in the Art of House Design. At the University of California in connection with the courses in Landscape Architecture, Professor J. W. Gregg and his staff give instruction in design of parks, playgrounds and real estate subdivision, together with lecture courses on City Planning Theory and Modern Civic Design. Also at Berkeley there is a group of courses in Civil Engineering, including Highways, Water Supply, Sewerage, Materials, Masonry, Contracts, etc., as well as instruction in Public Finance, Housing, Municipal Government and Administration, and Community Art.

Among the courses offered by the different departments at the State College of Washington are two on Landscape Design, and one each on Civic Art, Building Sanitation, Social Problems of the City, and Sewerage. A one-credit course in city planning is compulsory for all students majoring in Architecture at the University of Oregon.

In the South, very little instruction in City Planning is offered. At the Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas, there is a course on "City Management" in which city planning is given some attention, but elsewhere requests for information have revealed no further instruction.

In the Middle West at Kansas State Agricultural College, and Iowa State College, city planning is taught in several departments. A general course is given in the Architecture Department at the firstnamed College, with Civic Art in the Horticulture Department, and Surveying, Water Supply and Sewerage in that of Civil Engineering. At Iowa, among the courses in Landscape Architecture is a lecture course on "City and Town Planning" and on "subdivisions, recreational and regional planning."

To the far north in Canada at the University of Toronto some lectures are given by Mr. Horace Seymour on Town Planning to students in the Municipal Engineering courses. Under the Extension

Department a short course in "Civic and Town Planning" is offered. annually by a group of outside lecturers.

At the University of Wisconsin, Professor Leonard S. Smith has supervision over two courses which are "non-technical and primarily intended to familiarize the student with the city planning ideals and methods of modern town building. Only as such practical subjects are understood can the much needed leadership be secured for our city and rural communities. Each year the total number of students in these courses is nearly two hundred".

At Ann Arbor in the University of Michigan an unusual group of subjects of importance to students of city planning are available. In the department of Landscape Design three courses of a general and technical character on city planning are given by Professor Tealdi. Under his supervision there are also two courses on parks and park systems. Besides the well-known courses given by Professor Blanchard, the Interrelationship of Highway, Parkway and Waterway Transport is considered as well as Traffic Engineering and Street Design. The Department of Political Science gives courses in Municipal Government and Administration, and that of Civil Engineering covers such subjects as Water Works, Sanitation, and Rivers and Harbors, while under still another Engineering department we find courses on surveying. Among the most interesting and unusual courses offered at Michigan are those on Realty Principles and Management by Professor Trout. Of the same type is the course on "land" policies by Professor Van Sickle, and those on Taxation and Public Finance by Professor Caverly. Finally there is Professor Saarinen's instruction in Architectural Design.

The well-known course developed by Charles Mulford Robinson at the University of Illinois has long influenced the teaching and practice of city planning. The work there is now in charge of Professor Karl B. Lohmann and Professor Harland Bartholomew.

In the neighboring state of Indiana at Purdue University, Professor Lommel conducts a course on city planning "its magnitude and its value as a municipal activity". The third Annual Indiana Con

ference on City Planning was recently held in Evansville, Indiana, under the direction of two departments of the University in conjunction with other organizations. Still further east at the Case School of Applied Science and at the University of Cincinnati, the engineering aspects are considered, while at Ohio State there are courses on Civic Design and Landscape Architecture.

Two institutions in Pennsylvania offer instruction in this field. The Carnegie Institute of Technology has courses in Surveying, Route Engineering, Sanitary Engineering and Transportation. At the Pennsylvania State College, in a course on municipal government, city planning is considered, and in the Division of Landscape Architecture Professor Corvell gives a lecture course on theory, and Professor Dahl has a course in Civic Design.

The catalog of Syracuse University shows a course in the College of Forestry and the Cornell University announcements show a great variety of courses in the Colleges of Engineering and Architecture. Those in Engineering cover that branch of city planning very completely, and in addition, Professor E. Gorton Davis gives instruction in the theory of Design of Public Properties for students of Landscape Architecture.

Among the many departments of Columbia University, courses on different aspects of city planning work are offered in Engineering, Sociology, Transportation, Government and Architecture. Special mention should be made of those on Ports and Terminals, Vital Statistics, and Architecture, and of the availability of instruction through University Extension courses.

At Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, Professor Zug gives a course in the Department of Modern Art for undergraduates which is entitled City Planning, Civic Art, and Housing. Visiting lecturers assist in covering a very wide field. Professor Zug is preparing a syllabus which should be of special interest to teachers and students in this field.

In Western Massachusetts there is a lecture course by Professor Roland W. Rogers, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which