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rest upon reasoning, but upon sentiment. He was curiously superstitious through life, and seems to have preferred catholicism to other religions. Lady Byron told Crabb Robinson (5 March 1855) that Byron had been made miserable by the gloomy Calvinism from which, she said, he had never freed himself. Some passages in his letters, and the early "Prayer to Nature" -an imitation of Pope's "Universal Prayer" seem to imply a revolt from the doctrines to which Lady Byron referred. "Cain," his most serious utterance, clearly favours the view that the orthodox theology gave a repulsive or a nugatory answer to the great problems. But, in truth, Byron's scepticism was part of his quarrel with cant. He hated the religious dogma as he hated the political creed and the social system of the respectable world. He disavowed sympathy with Shelley's opinions, and probably never gave a thought to the philosophy in which Shelley was

interested.

Trelawny was now with Odysseus and the chiefs of Eastern Greece. Prince Mavrocordato, the most prominent of the Western Greeks, had at last occupied Missolonghi. Byron sent Colonel Stanhope (afterwards Lord Harrington), a representative of the Greek committee, with a letter to Mavrocordato and another to the general government (2 Dec. and 30 Nov. 1823), insisting upon the necessity of union; and on 28 Dec. sailed himself, on the entreaty of Mavrocordato and Stanhope. The voyage was hazardous. Gamba's ship was actually seized by a Turkish man-of-war, and he owed his release to the lucky accident that his captain had once saved the Turkish captain's life. Byron, in a "mistico," took shelter under some rocks called the Scrophes. Thence, with some gunboats sent to their aid, they reached Missolonghi, in spite of a gale, in which Byron showed great coolness. Byron was heartily welcomed. Mavrocordato was elected governor-general. Attempts

were made to organise troops. Byron took into his pay a body of five hundred disorderly Suliotes. (He met thickening difficulties with unexpected temper, firmness, and judgment.) Demands for money came from all sides; Byron told Parry that he had been asked for fifty thousand dollars in a day. He raised sums on his own credit, and urged the Greek committee to provide a loan. His indignation when Gamba spent too much upon some red cloth was a comic exhibition of his usual economy hardly unreasonable under the cir

cumstances.

His first object was an expedition against Lepanto, held, it was said, by a weak garrison ready to come over. At the end of January he was named commander-in-chief. His wild troops were utterly unprovided with the stores required for an assault. The Greek committee had sent two mountain guns, with ammunition, and some English artisans under William Parry, a "rough burly fellow," who had been a clerk at Woolwich. Parry after a long voyage reached Missolonghi on 5 Feb. 1824. In the book to which he gave his name, and for which he supplied materials, he professes to have received Byron's confidence. Byron called him "old boy," laughed at his sea slang, his ridiculous accounts of Bentham (one of the Greek committee), and played practical jokes upon him. Parry landed his stores, set his artisans to work, and gave himself military airs. The Suliotes became mutinous. They demanded commissions, says Gamba, for 150 out of three or four hundred men. Byron, disgusted, threatened to discharge them all, and next day, 15 Feb., they submitted. The same day Byron was seized with an alarming fit the doctors disputed whether epileptic or apoplectic; but in any case so severe that Byron said he should have died in another minute. Half an hour later a false report was brought that the Suliotes were rising to seize the magazine. Next day, while Byron was still suffering from the dis ease and the leeches applied by the

doctors, who could hardly stop the Fleeding, a tumultuous mob of Suliotes broke into his room. Stanhope says that the courage with which he awed the mutineers was "truly sublime." On the 17th a Turkish brig came ashore, and was burned by the Turks after Byron had prepared an attack. On the 10th a quarrel arose between the Suliotes and the guards of the arsenal, and a Swedish officer, Sasse, was killed. The English artificers, alarmed at discovering that shooting was, as Byron says, a "part of housekeeping" in these parts, insisted on leaving for peacable regions. The Suliotes became intolerable, and were induced to leave the town on receiving a month's wages from Byron, and part of their arrears from government. All hopes of an expedition to Lepanto vanished.

Parry had brought a printing-press, though he had not brought some greatly desired rockets. Stanhope, an ardent disciple of Bentham's, started a newsPaper, and talked of Lancasterian schools, and other civilising apparatus, luding a converted blacksmith with a cargo of tracts. Byron had many discussions with him. Stanhope proecced Bentham's "Springs of Action" as a new publication, when Byron tamped with his lame foot," and said that he did not require lessons upon that subject. Though Trelawny says that Stanhope's free press was of eminent service, Byron may be pardoned for thinking that the Greeks should be treed from the Turks first, and converted to Benthamism afterwards. He was annoyed by articles in the paper,

hich advocated revolutionary priniples and a rising in Hungary, thinking that an alienation of the European powers would destroy the best chance of the Greeks. He hoped, he said, that the writers' brigade would be ready before the soldiers' press. The discussions, however, were mutually repectful, and Byron ended a talk by Saying to Stanhope, "Give me that honest right hand," and begging to be judged by his actions, not by his words.

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Other plans were now discussed. Stanhope left for Athens at the end of February. Odysseus, with whom was Trelawny, proposed a conference with Mavrocordato and Byron at Salona. Byron wrote agreeing to this proposal 19 March. He had declined to answer an offer of the general government to appoint him 'governor-general of Greece" until the meeting should be The prospects of the loan were now favourable. Byron was trying, with Parry's help, to fortify Missolonghi and get together some kind of force. His friends were beginning to be anxious about the effects of the place on his health. Barff offered him a countryhouse in Cephalonia. Byron replied that he felt bound to stay while he could. "There is a stake worth millions such as I am." Missolonghi, with its swamps, meanwhile, was a mere fevertrap. The mud, says Gamba, was so deep in the gateway that an unopposed enemy would have found entrance difficult. Byron's departure was hindered by excessive rains. He starved himself as usual. Moore says that he measured himself round the wrist and waist almost daily, and took a strong dose if he thought his size increasing. He rode out when he could with his body-guard of fifty or sixty Suliotes, but complained of frequent weakness and dizziness. Parry in vain commended his panacea, brandy. Trelawny had started in April with a letter from Stanhope, entreating him to leave Missolonghi and not sacrifice his health, and perhaps his life, in that bog.

Byron produced his last poem on the morning of his birthday, in which the hero is struggling to cast off the dandy with partial success. He had tried to set an example of generous treatment of an enemy by freeing some Turkish prisoners at Missolonghi. A lively little girl called Hato or Hatagée, who was amongst them, wished to stay with him, and he resolved to adopt her. A letter from Mrs. Leigh, found by Trelawny among his papers, contained a transcript from a letter of Lady

Byron's to her with an account of Ada's health. An unfinished reply from Byron (23 Feb. 1824) asked whether Lady Byron would permit Hatagée to become a companion to Ada. Lady Byron, he adds, should be warned of Ada's resemblance to himself in his infancy, and he suggests that the epilepsy may be hereditary. He afterwards decided to send Hatagée for the time to Dr. Kennedy.

On 9 April he received news of Mrs. Leigh's recovery from an illness and good accounts of Ada. On the same day he rode out with Gamba, was caught in the rain, insisted upon returning in an open boat, and was seized with a shivering fit. His predisposition to malaria, aided by his strange system of diet, had produced the result anticipated by Stanhope. He rode out next day, but the fever continued. The doctors had no idea beyond bleeding, to which he submitted with great reluctance, and Parry could only suggest brandy. The attendants were ignorant of each other's language, and seem to have lost their heads. On the 18th he was delirious. At intervals he was conscious and tried to say something to Fletcher about his sister, his wife, and daughter. A strong "antispasmodic potion" was given to him in the evening. About six he said, "Now I shall go to sleep," and fell into a slumber which, after twenty-four hours, ended in death on the evening of 19 April. Trelawny arrived on the 24th or 25th, having heard of the death on his journey. He entered the room where the corpse was lying, and, sending Fletcher for a glass of water, uncovered the feet. On Fletcher's return he wrote upon paper, spread on the coffin, the servant's account of his master's last illness.

Byron's body was sent home to England, and after lying in state for two days was buried at Hucknall Torkard. The funeral procession was accidentally met by Lady Caroline Lamb and her husband. She fainted

See Edinburgh Review for April 1871, for Hobhouse's account of the funeral.

on being made aware that it was Byron's. Her mind became more affected; she was separated from her husband; and died 26 Jan. 1828, generously cared for by him to the last.'

Lady Byron afterwards led a retired life. Her daughter Ada was married to the Earl of Lovelace 8 July 1835, and died 29 Nov. 1852. She is said to have been a good mathematician. A portrait of her is in Bentley's "Miscellany" for 1853. Lady Byron settled ultimately at Brighton, where she be came a warm admirer and friend of F. W. Robertson. She took an interest in the religious questions of the day, and spent a large part of her income in charity. Miss Martineau speaks of her with warm respect, and some of her letters will be found in Crabb Robinson's Diary. Others thought her pedantic and overstrict. She died 16 May 1860. Mme. Guiccioli returned to her husband; she married the Marquis de Boissy in 1851 and died at Florence in March 1873

The following appears to be a full list of original portraits of Byron. Names of proprietors added: 1. Miniature by Kaye at the age of seven. 2. Full length in oils by Sanders; engraved in standard edition of Moore's life (Lady Dorchester). 3. Miniature by same from the preceding (engraving destroyed at Byron's request). 4. Hall length by Westall, 1814 (Lady Burdett Coutts). 5. Half-length by T. Phillips. 1814 (Mr. Murray); engraved by Agar R. Graves, Lupton, Mote, Warren Edwards, and C. Armstrong. 6. Minia ture by Holmes, 1815 (Mr. A. Morrison) engraved by R. Graves, Ryall, and H. Meyer. 7. Bust in marble by Thorwaldsen, 1816 (Lady Dorchester) replicas at Milan and elsewhere

For Lady Caroline Lamb see Lady Morgan Memoirs, i. 200-14: Annual Obituary for 1828 Mr. Townshend Mayer in Temple Bar for Jun 1868; Lord Lytton, Memoirs, vol. i. Paul Life of Godwin, vol. ii.

See Howitt's letter in Daily News for Sept 1860.

3 For fuller details see article by M. R. Edg cumbe and Mr. A. Graves in Notes and Queries 6th series, vi. 422, 472, vii. 269.

8. Half-length by Harlowe, 1817; engraved by H. Meyer, Holl, and Scriven. 9. Miniature by Prepiani, 1817, and another by the same; given to Mrs. Leigh. 10. Miniature in water-colours of Byron in college robes by Gilchrist about 1807-8; at Newstead. 11. Halflength in Albanian dress by F. Phillips, R.A. (Lord Lovelace); replica in

National Portrait Gallery; engraved by Finden. 12. Pencil sketch by G. Cattermole from memory (Mr. Toome). 13. Medallion by A. Stothard. 14. Bust by Bartolini, 1822 (Lord Malmesbury); Lithograph by Fromentin. 15. Halflength by West (Mr. Horace Kent); engraved by C. Turner, Engelheart, and Robinson. 16. Three sketches by Count d'Orsay, 1823; one at South Kensington. 17. Statue by Thorwaldsen, finished 1834. This statue was ordered from Thorwaldsen in 1829 by Hobhouse in the name of a committee. Thorwaldsen produced it for £1000. It was refused by Dean Ireland for Westminster Abbey, and lay in the custom house vaults till 1842, when it was again refused by Dean Finton. In 1843 Whewell, having just become Master of Trinity, accepted it for the college, and it was placed in the library.1 18. A silhouette cut in paper by Mrs. Leigh Hunt is prefixed to "Byron and some of his Contemporaries.'

Byron's works appeared as follows: I. "Hours of Idleness." 192 2. 'English Bards and Scotch Reviewers" (Cawthome).3 3. "Imitations and Translations, together with original poems never before published, collected by J. C. Hobhouse, Trinity College, Cambridge" (1809) (contains nine poems by Byron, reprinted in works, among "occasional pieces," 1807-8 and 1808-10. 4. "Childe Harold, a Romaunt," 4to, 1812 (an appendix of twenty poems, including those during his travels and those addressed to Thyrza). 5. "The

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Curse of Minerva" (anonymous; privately printed in a thin quarto in 1812 (Lowndes); at Philadelphia in 1815, 8vo; Harris (Galignani), 12mo, 1818; and imperfect copies in Hone's "Domestic Poems," and in later collections). 6. "The Waltz" (anonymous), 1813 (again in Works, 1824). 7. "The Giaour, a Fragment of a Turkish Tale," 1813, 8vo. 8. "The Bride of Abydos, a Turkish Tale," 1813, 8vo. 9. "The Corsair, a Tale," 1814, 8vo (to this were added the lines, "Weep, daughter of a royal line," omitted in some copies.) 10. "Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte" (anonymous), 8vo, 1814. 11. "Lara, a Tale," 1814, 8vo (originally published with Rogers's "Jacqueline"). 12. "Hebrew Melodies," 1815 (lines on Sir Peter Parker appended); also with music by Braham and Nathan in folio. 13. "Siege of Corinth," 1816, 8vo. 14. "Parisina," 1816, 8vo (this and the last together in second edition, 1816). 15. “Poems by Lord Byron" (Murray), 1816, 8vo ("When all around,' Bright be the place of thy soul," "When we two parted," "There's not a joy," "There be none of Beauty's daughters," "Fare thee well"; poems from the French and lines to Rogers). The original of "Bright be the place of thy soul," by Lady Byron, corrected by Lord Byron, is in the Morrison MSS. 16. "Poems on his Domestic Circumstances by Lord Byron," Hone, 1816 (includes a "Sketch," and in later editions a "Farewell to Malta," and "Curse of Minerva" (mutilated); a twenty-third edition in 1817. It also includes "O Shame to thee, Land of the Gaul," and "Mme. Lavalette," which, with an "Ode to St. Helena," "Farewell to England," "On his Daughter's Birthday," and "The Lily of France," are disowned by Byron in letter to Murray 22 July 1816, but are reprinted in some later unauthorised editions. 17. "Prisoner of Chillon, and other Poems," 1816, 8vo (sonnet to Lake Leman, "Though the day of my destiny's over," "Darkness," "Churchill's Grave," "The Dream," the "Incanta

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tion" (from Manfred), "Prometheus.") 18. "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,' canto iii., 1816, 8vo. 19. "Monody on the Death of Sheridan" (anonymous), 1816, 8vo. 20. "Manfred, a Dramatic Poem," 1817, 8vo. 21. "The Lament of Tasso," 8vo. 1817, 22. "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,' canto iv., 1818 (the Alhama ballad and sonnet from Vittorelli appended). 23. 'Beppo, a Venetian Story" (anonymous in early editions), 1818, 8vo. 24. "Suppressed Poems" (Galignani), 1818, 8vo (“English Bards and Scotch Reviewers," "Land of the Gaul," "Windsor Poetics, a Sketch'). 25. Three Poems not inIcluded in the works of Lord Byron (Effingham Wilson), 1818, 8vo ("Lines to Lady Jersey]"; "Enigma on H.," often erroneously attributed to Byron, really by Miss Fanshawe; "Curse of Minerva," fragmentary). 26. “Mazeppa," 1819 (fragment of the "Vampire" novel appended). 27. "Marino Faliero," 1820. 28. "The Prophecy of Dante," 1821 (with "Marino Faliero"), 8vo. 29. "Sardanapalus, a Tragedy"; "The Two Foscari, a Tragedy

99.66

"Cain, a Mystery" (in one volume, Svo), 1821. 30. "Letter . . . on the Rev. W. L. Bowles's Strictures on Pope," 1821. 31. "Werner, a Tragedy" (J. Hunt), 1822, 8vo. 32. "The Liberal" (J. Hunt), 1823, 8vo (No. I. "Vision of Judgment," "Letter to the Editor of my Grandmother's Review,' 'Epigrams on Castlereagh." No. II. "Heaven and Earth." No. III. "The Blues." No. IV. "Morgante Maggiore"). 33. "The Age of Bronze" (anonymous) (J. Hunt), 1823, 8vo. 34. "The Island," (J. Hunt), 1823, 8vo. 35. "The Deformed Transformed" (J. & H. L. Hunt), 1824, 8vo. 36. "Don Juan" (cantos i. and ii. "printed by Thomas Davison," 4to, 1819; cantos iii., iv., and v. (Davison), 8vo, 1821; cantos vi., vii., and viii. (for Hunt and Clarke), 8vo, 1823; cantos ix., x., and xi. (for John Hunt), 8vo, 1823; cantos xii., xiii., and xiv. (John Hunt), 8vo, 1823; cantos xv. and xvi. (John and H. L. Hunt), 8vo, 1824), all anonymous. A 17th canto (1829) is not by Byron; and "twenty suppressed stanzas" (1838) are also spurious.

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