sexual organs. The observation of Knight is recalled, that a Water Melon in a very warm house bore only male flowers, while Cucumbers growing in a much cooler place bore only female flowers; also the case of Specularia, which develops its apetalous flowers early in the season, while in Viola and Oxalis they generally succeed the normal flowers, when the summer is further advanced and the weather

warmer.

Treviranus refers at some length to Mr. Darwin's essays upon the various contrivances of nature to insure heteromorphic fertilisation, naming several additional species presenting more or less of a dimorphic condition with respect to the essential organs. He says that in Primula longiflora the stigma always projects beyond the anthers. Prof. Treviranus distinguishes two categories both of homomorphic and of heteromorphic flowers. Of homomorphic: 1st, those in which self-fertilisation is insured by juxtaposition and synchronous maturity of the sexual organs, no mechanical difficulty interfering to prevent the access of pollen to own-flower stigma. In this class he includes "most flowers, Crucifers, Rosaceae, and especially the irregular-flowered Papilionaceae, Labiatae, &c." 2nd. those which require some kind of aid to insure fertilisation, either the motion or change of position of organs during development, or the visits of insects. Of this category he names Proteaceae, Asclepiadeae, Compositae, Campanulaceae, Lobeliaceae, &c. Of heteromorphic flowers: 1st. Cases in which structural hermaphrodites are physiologically more or less disqualified for self-fertilisation, as in the instances given by Mr. Darwin of Primula, the Orchids, &c.; and, 2nd, unisexual (diclinous) flowers. This classification is not satisfactory, and appears to us to rest upon an imperfect basis of observation. It is probable that future research will prove that nearly all hermaphrodite flowers are more or less heteromorphic, from the stigma favouring, though in the most different degrees, the pollen of other flowers of the same species.

Extreme instances of heteromorphism, in which the pollen of a distinct species would appear to have the advantage over own-flower pollen, we find recorded by Mr. Scott, in his paper cited on page 243. He has been trying to fertilise species of Oncidium and Maxillaria with their own pollen artificially applied, but without success. He found, however, that they might be fertilised with the pollen of distinct species. If these cases do not break down on extended scrutiny, Professor Treviranus will find a fifth category on his hands.

Dr. Hildebrand, writing upon the Orchids, calls attention to the twofold influence exercised by the pollen, first in determining an enlargement of the ovary and development of the ovules upon the placentas; and, second, in the actual fertilisation of the ovules. He finds that in Dendrobium nobile some four months intervene between the period of application of the pollen to the stigma, and 'the incipient formation of the embryo;' in Cymbidium sinense, perhaps even six months intervene. At the time of flowering, the placentary lines, though undulated, do not bear even the rudiments of ovules. He gives the corresponding intervals in several other species. It is generally stouter than in the Dendrobium, and in the different species of Orchis, varies from eight or nine days to a month. This is a curious and difficult subject, though not a new one, and it would be well worth while to collect more information upon it, both with regard to the supposed double effect of the pollen, and the length of time intervening between its application and the actual fertilisation of the ovules. In some Monochlamydeae and in Gymnosperms, the interval between the application of the pollen and fertilisation is wonderfully long. With regard to the influence of pollen in determining the enlargement of the ovary, we recall the curious case noted by M. Duchartre (Bull. Soc. Bot. ix. p. 531) of the ovules of Cycas revoluta, to which the pollen of a Ceratozamia had been applied, enlarging to well-developed fruits without containing any trace of an embryo. He does not attempt to settle how far this enlargement of the fruit is due to the foreign pollen. No doubt many analogous cases must be familiar to our experienced horticulturists, besides those recorded by Herbert and by the German Hybridologists, and something might issue were they judiciously correlated.

XXXVII.-ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vols. I-II. (New Series) 1851-1863.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW AND JOURNAL OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Parts I.-IV.

AFTER a somewhat prolonged state of comparative inertness, the Ethnological Society of London has, within the last two or three years, awakened, as it were, to a new life, and entered, as we hope,

upon a long and promising career of active usefulness. The first fruits of this revival are before us in the shape of two goodly volumes of Transactions, containing articles on a great variety of subjects, connected with all branches of Ethnological inquiry, and many among them of the highest interest and value. We ought before this to have noticed these volumes, and hope at another opportunity to enter upon the consideration of their contents at a greater length than we have at present space for, and with a fulness commensurate to their deserts. We now intend merely to call our readers' attention to them, and to offer a few general remarks on a matter which cannot but be regarded as of some importance to all cultivators of Ethnology-a study which in its wider sense is apparently day by day attracting more and more public attention. Several reasons perhaps might be assigned for the increased activity in Ethnological research by which the present day is eminently distinguished. And so far as Science is concerned, this revival has not come a whit too early. When we consider the rapid extinction with which many of the lower races of mankind are, apparently, inevitably threatened by the progress of commerce and of conquest, it is a matter of the highest importance in the physical history of mankind, that all attainable data should be collected, in order to preserve for future times any knowledge of the various populations which, before many years have elapsed, will be in the same category with the Dodo, Rhytina, and Great Auk, and in great measure owing to the same cause, viz., the irresistible pressure of advancing.civilization. Another cause as well as reason for this increased activity may also be found in the extraordinary interest which has of late, more especially, been taken in all questions relating to the early history and primitive conditions of the human race. The "prisca gens mortalium" has become the subject of the most profound investigations, in aid of which it is found necessary to employ every means afforded by Geology, Archæology, Zoology, and what may be strictly termed Anthropology. The convergent rays from all these sources, although at present not suf ficiently brought to a focus to allow us to flatter ourselves that the inquiry is more than just commenced, will, it is to be hoped, in time enable future observers to erect something like a probable hypothesis.

In addition to these general inducements to increased exertion, we may also suppose, although the observation cannot be applied to the volumes before us, that the Ethnological Society will feel itself incited by the stimulus of what, in some sense, may be called competition.

For reasons, of which we must confess we do not exactly comprehend the force, the parent and long-established Society has thrown off a "swarm," or bud, in the shape of the Anthropological Society, which has entered upon existence with considerable vigour and activity, and has already established a new Journal, containing much valuable matter, collected, it must be confessed, at present mainly from extraneous sources, but still a useful publication to the English reader, and one which, if conducted, as we may venture to say, with a little better taste than is here and there displayed in it, calculated to render useful service in Ethnological Literature. We much regret, nevertheless, to notice this division in the not over numerous ranks of English Ethnologists, all having a common object in view, and seeking to obtain it by precisely similar means. Judging from the communications made to either Society, and contained in the Transactions of one and the Journal of the other, we are unable to perceive any striking difference in their nature or subjects. We cannot, therefore, refrain from expressing our regret that the efforts of so many efficient and zealous workers, which, conjoined, might do so much for the science to which they are all in common devoted, should be weakened by their division into two, we will not say hostile, but distinct camps.

Though Ethnology is nothing without Anthropology, under which term we understand the study of the physical relations of Man to the rest of the Animal Kingdom, still it has a vastly wider scope, and undoubtedly includes all the problems belonging to the more restricted study. Whatever may have been the real motives productive of this schism, it is to be hoped that in time all true followers of Ethnology will see the advantage of uniting their efforts in a common and noble cause.

Original Articles.

XXXVIII.-NOTES ON CERTAIN PARTS OF THE ANATOMY OF A YOUNG CHIMPANZEE. By D. Embleton, M.D., Reader in Medicine in the University of Durham.

On the 11th December, 1862, the body of a young male Chimpanzee, stated to be about one and a-half or two years old, was purchased

for the College of Medicine of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Fresh, and in good condition, it was scantily covered with hair, which was black, except around the muzzle and anus, where it was silvery grey. The front part of the face was nearly bare, and this condition prevailed for a short distance beyond the orbits, and as far on the sides of the face as a little beyond the angles of the mouth; the lower lip to below the jaw was covered with short silvery hair. The hair of the head, rather long and thick behind, fell away laterally from the median line at the top, and was inclined backwards from the front of the cranium and sides of the face; a broad band of black whisker extended downwards upon each cheek, and the two meeting under the throat completed a sort of frame, which contrasted strangely with the paleness of the wrinkled and melancholy face. The nose was much depressed, the eyes dark hazel, with short black eyelashes, and without eyebrows; the ears were naked, of the same pale colour as the face, suborbicular, and standing conspicuously outwards and backwards. The neck was short, the trunk rather bulky, and the chest large.

The arms were strong and muscular, the hands partly covered on the back with black hair, which did not extend to the fingers, the palm smooth, naked, and of a dusky flesh colour; the thumb small and short, measuring, with its metacarpal bone, two inches, the middle finger being nearly five inches in length.

The legs were comparatively short and weak, but fleshy to the heels; the feet rather more covered on the dorsum, than the hands, with hair, the toes and the soles resembling in smoothness, colour and absence of hair, the corresponding parts of the hands; the great toe -freely detached from the others, and resembling a strong thumb— measured, with its metatarsal, two and a-half inches, the third toe, three and a half inches, in length.

The thumb appeared much shorter, slenderer and weaker than the other fingers, the great toe, thicker, stronger and shorter than the other toes.

The following dimensions were carefully taken :-Length from vertex to sole of heel, two feet five inches; from top of sternum to tuber ischii, one foot and three quarters of an inch; length of leg, from top of femur to sole, eleven inches and a-half; of arm, from head of humerus to tip of middle digit, one foot five inches; of hand and foot, each five inches and a half; circumference of chest at