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3. Does nature contribute more to the efficacy of labour in some
occupations than in others?...............
33
4. Some natural agents limited, others practically unlimited, in
quantity
34
CHAPTER II. Of Labour, as an Agent of Production.
§ 1. Labour employed either directly about the thing produced,
or in. operations preparatory to its production
...............
2. Labour employed in producing subsistence for subsequent
labour.........
37
39
CHAPTER III. Of Unproductive Labour.
§ 1. Labour does not produce objects, but utilities
2. which are of three kinds
-
3. Productive labour is that which produces utilities fixed and
embodied in material objects
4. All other labour, however useful, is classed as unproductive
5. Productive and Unproductive Consumption
6. Labour for the supply of Productive Consumption, and labour
for the supply of Unproductive Consumption......
CHAPTER IV. Of Capital.
§ 1. Capital is wealth appropriated to reproductive employment
2. More capital devoted to production than actually employed
in it..........
3. Examination of some cases illustrative of the idea of Capital...
CHAPTER V. Fundamental Propositions respecting
Capital.
§ 1. Industry is limited by Capital
2.
but does not always come up to that limit
80
3. Increase of capital gives increased employment to labour, with-
out assignable bounds
82
4. Capital is the result of saving
85
5. All Capital is consumed
87
6. Capital is kept up, not by preservation, but by perpetual repro-
duction
91
7. Why countries recover rapidly from a state of devastation 8. Effects of defraying government expenditure by loans....... 9. Demand for commodities is not demand for labour
10. Fallacy respecting Taxation
93
94
97
108
CHAPTER VI. Of Circulating and Fixed Capital.
§ 1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what
111
2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circulating,
might be detrimental to the labourers...
CHAPTER VII.
On what depends the degree of Productive-
ness of Productive Agents.
§ 1. Land, labour, and capital, are of different productiveness at
different times and places....
Page
123
2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages...... 124
CHAPTER VIII. Of Co-operation, or the Combination
of Labour.
§ 1. Combination of Labour a principal cause of superior produc-
tiveness
2. Effects of separation of employments analysed
3. Combination of labour between town and country
4. The higher degrees of the division of labour.......
5. Analysis of its advantages.
6. Limitations of the division of labour
CHAPTER IX. Of Production on a Large, and Production on a Small Scale.
...
142
145
148
150
152
160
§ 1. Advantages of the large system of production in manufactures 163
2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle
3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production
4. Large and small farming compared...
CHAPTER X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labour.
169
175
178
§ 1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of three
elements, Labour, Capital, and Land
191
2. The Law of Population
192
3. By what checks the increase of population is practically
limited
194
CHAPTER XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.
§ 1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent............... 199
2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of
accumulation......
3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of this desire
4. Exemplification of its excess
201
204
212
CHAPTER XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Production
from Land.
§ 1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the
real limits to production
216
2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing
return in proportion to the increased application of labour
and capital....
217
3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the
progress of improvements in production....
222
CHAPTER XIII. Consequences of the foregoing Laws.
§ 1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of the
principle of accumulation........
2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of
inequality of property
nor superseded by free trade in food
nor by emigration
CHAPTER II. The same subject continued.
§ 1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by
contract
230
231
235
239
243
245
248
257
264
the validity of prescription.......
266
the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance.
Question of inheritance examined
4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how ?.....................................
5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of property
in moveables .....
273
277
6. — only valid on certain conditions, which are not always re-
alized. The limitations considered....
279
7. Rights of property in abuses
284
CHAPTER III. Of the Classes among whom the
Produce is distributed.
§ 1. The produce sometimes shared among three classes........
sometimes belongs undividedly to one
3. sometimes divided between two......
287
288
289
CHAPTER IV. Of Competition and Custom.
§ 1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the
produce
292
2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land .
3. Influence of custom on prices.........
293
296
CHAPTER V. Of Slavery.
§ 1. Slavery considered in relation to the slaves
2. — in relation to production.........
3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the
300
302
304
CHAPTER VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.
§ 1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-
ing peasant properties ......