Mexico nor Arizona wanted the Apaches. To use a modern vulgarism, the inhabitants of these two sections were willing to "pass the buck."

In 1858 and 1859 Congress was again memorialized, and Sylvester Mowry was again elected delegate, but no success attended the efforts of Arizona to secure a territorial organization.

In 1860 an unauthorized Constitutional Convention met in Tucson, which held its session from April 2nd to and including April 5th. It was composed of thirty-one delegates, who proceeded to ordain and establish a provisional constitution to remain in force until Congress shall organize a Territorial Government, and no longer. This convention chose as Governor, Dr. L. S. Owings of Mesilla, and three judicial districts were created. Judges were to be appointed by the Governor, as were also a Lieutenant-Governor, an Attorney-General, and some other officials. A Legislature, consisting of nine senators, and eighteen representatives, was to be elected and convened upon the proclamation of the Governor. Measures were taken for organizing the militia, and a general election for county officers was called to be held in the month of May. The laws and codes of New Mexico were adopted. The proceedings of the convention, schedule and constitution, and the Governor's inaugural address, were printed in Tucson in what was, so far as known, the first book ever published in Arizona.

Under this provisional government the Governor made the following appointments: Lieutenant-Governor, Ignacio Orantia; Secretary of State, James A. Lucas; Controller, J. H. Wells;

Treasurer, Mark Aldrich; Marshal, Samuel G. Bean; District Judges, Granville H. Oury (chief justice); Samuel H. Cozzens and Edward McGowan (associate justices); District Attorneys, R. H. Glenn, Rees Smith, Thomas J. Mastin; Major General, W. C. Wordsworth; AdjutantGeneral, Valentine Robinson. Beyond the election of these, there are no records that the selfconstituted list of officials accomplished anything. In November of that year, one of the associate justices, Edward McGowan, well known in California for his opposition to the Vigilance Committee in 1855, was elected as Delegate to Congress from the State of Arizona to succeed Sylvester Mowry, but he did not go to Washington, nor ask Congress to allow him to participate in national affairs.

In 1859, another bill was introduced to organize the territory of Arizona, the name having been changed to Arizuma, presumably to satisfy some element in Congress. This bill was reported from the Committee of Territorials in 1860. There was much debate upon it, the most of it being in reference to the slavery question, and the bill, like its predecessors, failed of passage.

Bancroft says Jeff Davis introduced this bill, which is an error. The bill was introduced by Senator Green of Missouri. Davis at no time fathered a measure to give a territorial government to Arizona.

CHAPTER XX.

THE CRABB MASSACRE.

HENRY A. CRABB - YGNACIO PESQUIERA ORGANIZATION OF EXPEDITION-TREACHERY OF PESQUIERA-SURRENDER OF CRABB'S PARTY AT CABORCA-MASSACRE OF CRABB AND PARTY -JOHN G. CAPRON'S ACCOUNT OF EXPEDITION FROM TUCSON TO JOIN CRABB.

Upon the disbanding of the Whig party and the organization of the Native American KnowNothing party, Henry A. Crabb became its leader in California. He was a man of scholarly attainments, of integrity and moral worth. In the fall election of 1855, the Know-Nothing party carried the State of California and secured a majority in the Legislature. Crabb was a candidate for Senator and was endorsed in caucus by his party. Senator Flint from San Francisco refused to abide by the decision of the caucus because Crabb was a Southern man. This defeated the election at that session of the Legislature. In the fall of 1856, the KnowNothing Party was defeated and Henry A. Crabb, whose wife was a Miss Ainsa, and whose family had been prominent in Sonora, Mexico, through the persuasion of her brothers, entered into a compact with Ygnacio Pesquiera, who was then in revolt against the Gandara Government of Sonora, to aid him with five hundred to a thousand well-armed Americans. These men were to be recruited in California, and were to espouse the cause of Pesquiera. Their reward

was to be a strip of land along the northern portion of the State of Sonora for colonization purposes, the excuse to be given to the General Government was that these colonists would protect that State against the Apaches. In pursuance of this agreement, Crabb organized an expedition of about a hundred men, expecting to be followed by others from the State of California. With this meager force he crossed the Colorado and camped for several weeks on the Gila to recruit his animals, and from thence he pushed across the line into Mexican territory. In the meantime Pesquiera had succeeded in driving out the Gandara Government in Sonora, Gandara himself having sought refuge under the Stars and Stripes in Tucson. Under these conditions Pesquiera did not require the services of the Americans, and as the prejudices of the Mexicans at that time were very great against our people, and Pesquiera was criticized by his enemies for inviting the Americans into Sonora, he disavowed the entire transaction, and in a flaming proclamation, called upon all Mexicans patriotically to rally to their standards and drive out the invader. Crabb addressed a letter to the Prefect of Altar, saying that he came, not as an enemy, but as a friend, upon the invitation of many prominent citizens of the State to bring with him a thousand colonists; that his company of one hundred was the vanguard and the rest would follow very soon; that he was well aware that the Prefect had given orders to poison wells and to resort to the most inhuman measures of barbaric warfare; that he came with arms in his hands because they had to pass

through a country infested with Indians, and that it was customary for both Mexicans and Americans always to carry arms in those wild and unsettled countries. He declared that he would proceed to his destination, which was Altar. He diverged somewhat from the road to Altar to the little town of Caborca, still having faith in the plighted word of Pesquiera, and, surrounded by a multitude of enemies, he surrendered his command upon the assurance that he and his men would be transported safely across the line to their own country. As soon as they had surrendered, an order was received from Pesquiera to shoot them all. It is said that Gabilonda, who was in command of the Mexican forces, refused to carry out this order, and resigned his commission, taking with him a boy about 14 years old by the name of Evans, and retiring with him to Hermosillo. The Americans. were divided into lots of ten, and all shot. The head of Crabb, it is said, was pickled in mescal and sent to the city of Mexico as an evidence of the patriotism of Pesquiera in expelling the Americans from Mexican soil.

In the meantime news was conveyed to Tucson of the desperate straits in which the Crabb party was, and an expedition of 27 men was organized by Charles Tozer and Grant Oury to go to their relief. Before they had formed a junction with Crabb, he and all his party had been executed, and the relief party fought their way back across the American line, fighting every inch of the way. They arrived in the most forlorn condition, many wounded and sick. Thus ended the last filibustering expedition, if such it can be