Crime, juvenile. In England, iii. 394. |
In the United States, iii. 398.
Cromwell and Colbert, resistance of, to
the monopolies of Holland, i. 391.
Cultivation commences with the less fer-
tile soils, i. 97. How improvement in,
affects the progress of rent, iii. 141.
Curiales, Roman, duties of the, iii. 418.
Currency, what constitutes the? ii. 365.
How it is affected by bank expansions
and contractions, ii. 369. Furnishes
the most potent instrument of taxation,
ii. 411. How used by the French and
other governments, ii. 411. Small pro-
portion borne by the American, to the
amount of exchanges, ii. 423. A sound
system of, one of the first of societary
needs, ii. 426. How affected by the
balance of trade, ii. 435.

Custom grows into law, in favor of the
laborer, in all the protected countries
of Europe, iii. 258. Reverse of this, in
the free trade countries, iii. 259.
Customs revenue of the United States,
ii. 222.

Cuvier, M. Held that vegetables were the
natural food of man, iii. 316.

D.

Dalhousie, Lord, on the dangers of the
Anglo-Indian Government, i. 453.
Dangerous classes of society, of the, ii.

249.

Dangers of Great Britain, as described

by Adam Smith, i. 415.

De Beaumont, M., on the social position
of American women, iii. 384.
Decentralization. Tends towards free-
dom, i. 48. How it affects the quantity
of the precious metals required for the
performance of exchanges, ii. 359.-
(See Concentration.)

Decline of power accompanied by grow-
ing magnificence of titles, i. 141.

of value, a consequence of dimin-
ished cost of reproduction, i. 152.

of Athens, i. 244. Of Venice, Ge-
noa, Pisa, and Holland, i. 249. Of
Spain, i. 252. Of Spanish cities, ii. 118.
of all communities that follow in
the train of England, i. 373.
Declining power of self-direction, as ex-
hibited by Great Britain, i. 452.

individuality of the government
and people of the United States, ii.
289.

Decomposition of society, in all the coun-

tries that adopt the doctrines of the
English school, i. 375.

Definite proportions, law of, as applied to
Social Science, i. 199. As exhibited
in changes of the societary system, i.
473, ii. 20, 22, 39.

De Fontenay, M. On French agriculture,
ii. 55. On prices in France, ii. 91, 329.
On capital and its effects, iii. 62.
De Jonnès, M. His Statistique de la
France, ii. 51. On the effects of pro-
tection, in France, iii. 428.

De Lavergne, M., on the agriculture of
France, ii. 55, 68.

Demand, the cause of supply, iii. 21, 325.
Denmark. Few natural advantages of,
ii. 111. Protective policy of, ii. 112.
Economy of labor in, ii. 112. Division
of land, and growth of freedom in, ii.
113. Agricultural progress of, ii. 114.
Education in, ii. 115, iii. 389. Deve-
lopment of individuality in, ii. 115.
Steadiness in the demand for labor in,
ii. 116. Furnishes no evidence of the
over-population theory, ii. 117. Reve-
nue system of, iii. 194. Laing on the
division of land in, iii. 279.
Dependence of trade upon war, i. 377.

of the English farmer of the 18th
century upon foreign markets, and its
effects, i. 406.
Depopulation drives men back to the
poor soils, i. 139, 388. Effects of, i. 145.
and poverty of Turkey, i. 315. Of
Ireland, i. 329.

De Quincey, on the Ricardo theory, iii.
137.

Despotism. Of Athens, as compared with
that of Venice and Genoa, i. 409. In-

creases in its severity, as the masters
become more numerous, i. 409.
Destruction of human life in the British
West India Islands, i. 297, 304.
Destructive tendencies of the British
trading system, ii. 41.

effect of distance from market, as
exhibited in Russia, ii. 174.

effects of exclusive agriculture, as
exhibited in the United States, ii. 212.
In Brazil, ii. 229.

De Tocqueville, on the freedom of the
United States, ii. 178. His France
before the Revolution, ii. 313. His
view of the French taxation of the last
century, iii. 227.
Development begins in the stomach of
plants, i. 67. Continued in that of ani-
mals, i. 71.

of human powers, effect of, iii. 19.

Development, early, of logic and mathe-
matics, i. 12. Science later in, i. 13.
Social Science latest in, i. 19.

of war and trade. i. 216. Trans-
portation and manufactures later in, i.
218, 219. Agriculture follows manu-
factures in the order of, i. 221. Com-
merce latest in its full, i. 222.
Difference indispensable to the existence
of association, whether in the physical
or moral world, i. 53.
Differences.

Power of combination in-
creases with the growth of, i. 53. The
greater their number, the larger is the
productive power, iii. 43. Essential to
the perfection of the societary organi-
zation, iii. 458. Anarchy and insubor-
dination consequences of the absence
of, iii. 460.

Difficulty of combination among the cul-
tivators of the soil, ii. 27.

Pro-

Direct taxation. Tends to supersede that
which is indirect, in the ratio of the
approximation of the prices of rude
and finished products, iii. 192.
gress of, in Central and Northern
Europe, iii. 193. Tendency thereto,
grows with increase in the rapidity of
the societary circulation, iii. 195. Can-
not be resorted to, in purely agricultu-
ral countries, iii. 199. Power of, an
evidence of advance in civilization, iii.
201.

Disappearance of Irish manufactures,
under the Act of Union, i. 322.

119.

of the middle classes of Spain, ii.

of the small proprietors of Eng-
land, ii. 79, iii. 287.

of the local institutions of India,

i. 343.
Disease, the constant companion of early
settlements, i. 99.

-, a broken balance of organic ac-
tions, iii. 298.
Dismal Science, the, i. 31.
Dispersion of men, a necessary conse-
quence of the operation of the British
system, i. 289. Effects of the, ii. 26.
How it affects the productive power,
iii. 39. How the circulation is affected
by it, iii. 101. Remarkable tendency
to, in the United States, ii. 180, 209,
iii. 337.

Dissolution of society, in Ireland and
India, i. 439.

Distinction between animal and vegeta-
ble life, i. 69.
Distribution. Of the law of, i. 169. How
exhibited in France, ii. 57. Changes
of, consequent upon the growth of
wealth and population, iii. 110. Ten-
dency to equality, a consequence of
the law of, iii. 113. Harmony and
universality of the law of, iii. 114.

Changes of, in passing from purely
agricultural communities, towards those
in which manufactures, agriculture,
and commerce, are combined, iii. 116.
Phenomena of, as exhibited in the
United States, iii. 118. Harmony of
the law of, as exhibited by Mr. E. Pe-
shine Smith, iii. 121. How it differs
from the theory of the British econo-
mists, iii. 122. Hume and Smith on
the law of, iii. 125, 127. Law of, as
exhibited in the changes of power to
demand rent for the use of land, iii.
131. Messrs. Bastiat and Ferrara on
the law of, iii. 167, 168.
Distribution, between the people and the
State, iii. 171.-(See Taxation, direct
and indirect.)

Diversification of employments. Indis-
pensable to the development of indi-
viduality, i. 53. Effects of, as exhib-
ited by Adam Smith, i. 293. Required
for the development of commerce, i.
427. Necessary to the growth of a
real agriculture, ii. 27. How it is pro-
duced, ii. 273. Has no existence in
the countries subjected to the British
system, i. 367.

Diversity in the structure of nerves, cor-
responds to variety of functions, iii.
403.

Division of the land and its effects, in
Denmark, ii. 114. In Spain, ii. 120.
In Germany, ii. 141. In Russia, ii.
164. In Sweden, ii. 170. In France,
ii. 50, iii. 278. How it affects the so-
cietary circulation, iii. 75. How it af-
fects the growth of population, iii. 277.
Divisions of the organic and relative

functions of the life of man, iii. 402.
Doubleday, T., on population, iii. 308.
Droz, M. His definition of wealth, i. 193.
Drunkenness in England, i. 425.
Dunoyer, M., on the various definitions
of wealth, i. 193.

Dupin, M., on the cost of the wars of the
French Revolution, i. 255.
Duration of life. Facts in regard to the,
iii. 270, 281.

of English life, iii. 290.
of American life, iii. 295.
Dutch monopolies, of the, i. 391.

E.

Earliest abstract conception of nature's
laws, i. 9.
Early ages of society, rude character of
the implements of, i. 95.

settler, movements of the, i. 96.
Commences always with the poorer
soils, i. 97.

settlements, insecurity of person
and property in, i. 139.

civilization of Norway, i. 50.

Early colonist, poverty of the, i. 263.

centres of civilization, i. 382.
Earth, the. Gives nothing, but is willing
to lend everything, i. 83, ii. 25. Condi-
tions upon which her loans are made,
i. 83. Of the occupation of the, i. 94.
Alone capable of producing vital
changes in the forms of matter, i. 220.
Constitutes the great labor-savings'
bank, i. 221. The only machine capa-
ble of being improved by use, i. 221.
That it may be improved, the con-
sumer and the producer must come to-
gether, i. 83.

Economy of force, a consequence of in-
stant demand for labor-power, iii. 25.

of human power in the ratio of
the societary circulation, i. 379. How
it affects the growth of capital, ii. 102.
of human effort resulting from
improvement in the machinery of con-
version, i. 385.

of labor consequent upon the
growth of capital, ii. 17. How the use
of the precious metals tends to pro-
duce, ii. 298. Exists in the ratio of
the approximation of the consumer to
the producer, ii. 278. Diversity of em-
ployments, the condition of, iii. 39.
Capital grows with increased rapidity,
with every stage of progress towards,
iii. 61. How the policy of Colbert
tended to promote, iii. 66. Errors of
the British school in regard to, iii. 66.
How affected by measures of protec-
tion, iii. 67.

of the earth's products, resulting
from growth in the power of combina-
tion, i. 271, ii. 29.

Eden treaty, the, and its effects, ii. 49.
Edict of Nantes, the, revocation of, and
its effects, ii. 47.

Education, of, in Denmark, ii. 115, iii.
389. In Spain, ii. 122. In Germany,
ii. 144, iii. 389. In Sweden, ii. 172, iii.
389. In France, iii. 388. In Belgium,
iii. 389. In India, iii. 391. In Eng-
land, iii. 391, 395. In the United

States, iii. 397.

Edward III., protective policy of, i. 392.
That policy approved of, by Mr. McCul-
loch, iii. 396.

Effect of changes of the societary pro-
portions, i. 259, 473, ii. 22. Of the ab-
sence of small farms in England, i. 447,
ii. 93, iii. 288. Of sudden emancipa-
tion in Jamaica, i. 305.
Egypt, course of settlement in, i. 133.
Emigration from Great Britain, i. 440,

iii. 335. Of the United States, iii. 337.
Employments, diversity of, indispensable
to the development of agriculture, ii. 27.
How they become diversified, ii. 273.-
(See Diversification of Employments.) |

Endless circulation of matter, the, i. 66.
Enforced moral restraint urged, as needed
for protection against evils resulting
from divine laws, iii. 360.

England, decline of individuality in, i.
56. Course of settlement in, i. 123.
Colonial system of, i. 285. Prohibition
of association among her colonists, i.
286. Rude character of her commerce,
under the Plantagenets, i. 394. Phe-
nomena then exhibited in, precisely
similar to those of purely agricultural
countries of the present day, i. 395.
Irregularity in the prices of raw pro-
ducts in, i. 396. Resistance to Flemish
monopolies by, i. 396. Statute of 1347,
and its effects in, i. 397. Institution
of poor-laws in, i. 398. Navigation
laws of, i. 398. Yarranton on the
state of, at the close of the 17th cen-

tury, i. 399. His suggestions, as to
the course of policy required by, i. 400.
Dependence of the farmers of, upon
the continental markets, and its effects,
i. 404. Growth of manufactures in, i.
406. Farmers of, relieved from the
tax of transportation, i. 407. Monopo-
listic measures of, i. 408. Their inju-
rious and unchristian character, i. 408.
Colonial policy of, i. 411. System of,
looks to establishing the supremacy of
trade and transportation over agricul-
ture, i. 412. Origin of the doctrine of
over-population, i. 413. System of,
adverse to the interests of her own
people, i. 422. Trivial advantage de-
rived by, from the destruction of Indian
commerce and manufactures, i. 424.
Intemperance in, i. 425. Slow increase
in the value of the land of, ii. 75. Ex-
ports of, ii. 81. Large import of food
into, ii. 82. Small consumption of food
by the laborers of, ii. 83. Import of
raw materials into, ii. 84. Number of
persons employed in the manufacture
of, ii. 84. Rude character of the ex-
ports of, ii. 85.
Consolidation of the
land of, ii. 92. Agricultural wages of,
ii. 93. Levelling of cottages in, ii. 92.
Condition of the agricultural popula-
tion of, ii. 94. Absenteeism of, ii. 96.
Most useful facts in support of the
over-population theory to be found in,
ii. 105. Causes of the poverty of, ii.
208. Bank of, ii. 372. Joint-stock
banks of, ii. 395. Private banks of, ii.
395. Heavy losses by failures in, ii.
409. Of production in, iii. 31. Growth
of fixed and movable capital in, iii. 57.
Division and consolidation of land
in, iii. 79. Public debt of, iii. 90.
Growth of centralization in, iii. 229.
Brace, on the condition of the people
of, iii. 242. Kay, on the social condi-

tion of, i. 425, 442, 447, ii. 94, iii. 157,
280, 289. Movement of population in,
iii. 269. Infanticide in, iii. 289. Dura-
tion of life in, iii. 290. Marriages and
births of, iii. 291. Prices of corn at
various periods in, iii. 315. Condition
of woman in, iii. 374. Rapid growth
of female crime in, iii. 382. Education
in, iii. 391, 395. Condition of laboring
population of, iii. 394. Crime in, iii. 399.
Pauperism a necessary consequence of
the system of, iii. 348. Poor rates of,
iii. 438. Insubordination in, iii. 462.
English centralization. How it affects
the distribution, ii. 309.

children, mere instruments to be
used by trade, iii. 396.

Economists. Their preference of
trade to agriculture, ii. 37.

joint-stock banks, defects in the
organization of, ii. 395. Excessive
over-trading of, ii. 401.

land-holders, decline in the num-
ber of, i. 445, ii. 79.

private banks, numerous failures
of, ii. 395.

social system. Cheap labor the
condition of its existence, i. 239.

tenants, ruin of, ii. 78.

and American crusade against
circulating notes, ii. 334.
Enlightened self-interest would lead us
to desire the improvement of our neigh-
bors, whether individuals or nations,
i. 371.
Enormous loss to the farmer, resulting
from distance of the market, i. 278.
Epitome of the aggregate man found in
the individual man, iii. 404.
Equality, how increase in the supply of
the precious metals tends to produce,
ii. 345. Grows, as the circulation be-
comes more rapid, iii. 93. Tendency
of the law of distribution to produce,
iii. 121, 159, 167.

Equalization of soils, effect of growing

human power in producing, iii. 333.
Equitable Pioneers' Society, remarkable
case of co-operation presented by the,
iii. 422.

Equities, last developed of the, that be-
tween man and the earth, iii. 468.
Erroneous policy of the United States,
ii. 181, 185.

Errors of economists, in regard to money,
ii. 339, 446-480.

of Messrs. Malthus and Ricardo,
ii. 36. Causes of those errors, iii. 31.
Everett, E., on the violation of the rights
of neutrals, ii. 183.

Every development of force involves a
consumption of matter, i. 65.

act of association an act of com-
merce, i. 198.

Exchange, machinery of. Loss resulting
from the necessity for its use, i. 187.
Exchanges, limited number of, in the
early periods of society, ii. 295.

of service, the precious metals
the instruments provided by nature for
effecting, ii. 293.

Exhaustion of the soil, a consequence of
dependence upon distant markets, i. 83.
Effects of the, i. 281, ii. 212.

of the soil of Ireland, i. 326. Of
India, i. 353. Of the United States, ii.
215. Of the older States of the Union,
iii. 338.

Exhaustive policy of Great Britain, i. 380,
434, ii. 87.

Exodus of the Irish people, i. 328.
Export of food from Ireland, i. 337; from
the United States, ii. 281; from Russia,
ii. 152.

Exports of Turkey, i. 318; of Russia, ii.
149; of Sweden, ii. 169; of France, iii.
448; of Belgium, iii. 449; of the United
States, iii. 451.

Expulsion of the Spanish Moors, i. 251.
of the British and Irish people,

iii. 345.

of the people of the older Ameri-
can States, ii. 180, iii. 338.
Extinction of British peers, iii. 306. Of
Roman patricians, iii. 307. Of the
Bourgeoisie, iii. 307.

F.

Facts of history every where opposed to
the Ricardo theory, i. 142.
Failures of American banks, causes of
the, ii. 429.

of English banks, ii. 395.
Fall of Sparta and Carthage, i. 246.
Falsification of money in Greece and

Italy, ii. 360. In France, ii. 361. In
Scotland and England, ii. 362.
Famines, frequency of, in countries of
declining population, i. 86. Constant
occurrence of, in the early stages of
society, i. 208, iii. 314. Of Spain, i.
Of Ireland, i. 328. Of Madeira,
i. 310. Of Scotland, iii. 37. Of early
England, iii. 138.

250.

Farmer, taxation of, by the British sys-
tem, i. 432, ii. 87.

the, near to market, always
making a machine: the one distant
from it, always destroying one, i. 272.
the American, not protected by
his government, ii. 188.
Fecundity, in the inverse ratio of deve-
lopment, iii. 263. Graduated inversely
as the rank of the animal, iii. 302.

and mortality, their relations to
each other, iii. 304.

of slaves and drudges, iii. 299.