Fecundity, immense, of the lower ani-
mals, iii. 302.

Federative system of government, in the
human system, corresponds to the
political system of the United States,
iii. 408.

Female crime in England, growth of, iii.
382.

Ferrara, Prof., on the law of distribution,
iii. 149, 168.

Financial crises, seat and causes of, ii.
415, iii. 222.

First and heaviest tax on land and labor,
i. 271, ii. 39, 63.

step towards obtaining power over
nature, always the most costly and the
least productive, i. 184, 375, 383.
Fitzhugh, on the effects of free trade on
the Southern United States, i. 373.
Fixed capital. Changes in the proportion
borne by it to that which is movable,
iii. 51. Increase in the proportions of,
an evidence of advancing civilization,
iii. 59. Growth of, accompanied by
increase in the rapidity of the societary
circulation, iii. 93. Errors of British
economists in regard to, iii. 166.
Flemish monopolies, and their effects, i.
392.

Food, effects of increased regularity in

the supply of, ii. 21. Increased pro-
duction of, in France, ii. 54. Small
export of, from Russia, ii. 152; from
the United States, ii. 193. How a ne-
cessity for the export of, affects prices,
ii. 194. How the American laborer
would be affected by increase in the
prices of, ii. 194. Decline in American
prices of, ii. 232. Irregularity in the
supplies of, which attends the early pe-
riods of society, iii. 313. Regularity
grows with the growth of wealth and
numbers, iii. 314. Diminution in the
demand for, accompanies increase in
the supply of, iii. 316. Substitution of
vegetable, for that of animals, iii. 316.
Economy of, resulting from increase in
the power of combination, iii. 318.
Supply of, increases as the consumer
and the producer come nearer together,
iii. 320. Becomes more abundant in
all the countries that adopt the policy
of Colbert, iii. 321. How American
and English policy affects the supplies
of, iii. 321, 323. American production
of, iii. 322, 432. Adulteration of, con-
sequent upon the separation of con-
sumers and producers, iii. 324. In-
creases in abundance as the prices of
rude products and finished commodi-
ties more and more approximate, iii.
325.

and population, law of the relative
increase of, i. 88, iii. 325.

Forbes, Rev. Dr., on the condition of
Scottish laborers, ii. 96.

Force, a result of the consumption of
matter, 65.

Foreign commerce of Spain, ii. 123. Of
Germany, ii. 136. Of Sweden, ii. 169.
Formation of coral islands, i. 74.

of society, of the, i. 198.
of soils, i. 72, 75.
Fortescue, on the condition of the French
people, in the 15th century, iii. 139.
France. Great increase in the agricultu-
ral products of, i. 87. Course of settle-
ment in, i. 126. Abandonment of the
richer soils, during the civil wars of, i.
143. Efforts of, to destroy the power
of association among her neighbors, i.
252. Has abounded in machinery of
war and trade, while destroying com-
merce, i. 253. Vauban and Boisguil-
bert on the condition of, under Louis
XIV., i. 254. Poverty of the people
of that period, and consequent weak-
ness of the government, i. 255. Cost
to, of the wars of the revolution, i. 255.
Splendor of, always followed by ex-
haustion, i. 256. Farmers-General of,
i. 256. Colonial system of, i. 285.
Close alliance of war and trade exhib-
ited in, ii. 43. Waste of force in, ii. 43.
Commerce sacrificed to trade in, ii. 44.
Parasitic races abounding in, ii. 45.
Magnificence and poverty of, at the
date of the advent of Colbert, ii. 46.
His policy favored growth of the com-
merce of, ii. 46. Repeal of the Edict
of Nantes, and its effects, ii. 47. State
of commerce under Louis XV., ii. 48.
Turgot called to the administration of,
ii. 48. Eden treaty, and its effects on,
ii. 49. Revolution followed by dimi-
nution in the restraints upon internal
commerce, ii. 50. Agricultural pro-
gress of, ii. 51. Burthens of the agri-
culturists of, prior to the revolution, ii.
52. Increased production of food in,
ii. 54. De Fontenay and De Lavergne
on agriculture in, ii. 55, 68. Approxi-
mation of the prices of raw materials
and finished products in, ii. 56. Changes
in the distribution of labor's pro-
ducts in, ii. 57. Wages of labor in, ii.
57. Prices of wheat in, ii. 58. Blanqui
and Chevalier on the condition of the
people of, ii. 59. Extraordinary con-
trasts of, ii. 61. Errors of economists
of, ii. 71. Growing equality of the
lands of, ii. 64. Rapid growth of
manufactures in, ii. 64. Extraordinary
centralization of, ii. 66. Heavy taxa-
tion of, ii. 67. Undeveloped powers
of the soil of, ii. 68. Greeley, H., on,
ii. 68. Commercial policy of, in full
accordance with the ideas of Adam

Glory, measure of, i. 209.
Goethe, on the methods of science, i. 31.
On difference, as the condition of de-
velopment, i. 53. On the efficacy of
mere words, iii. 445.

Gold, causes of its exclusion from circu-
lation in Holland, ii. 347.
Government amid spontaneities, iii. 408.

-, corporate and municipal, iii. 408.
designed both for assistance and
defence of societies, iii. 405.

finds its office in providing for the
wants of its subjects, iii. 405. Regu-
lative intervention of the brain in both
the physical and social, iii. 403. Of
civil, iii. 405.
Governments become oppressive in the
ratio of their failure to exercise the
power of co-ordination, iii. 440.
Gradual substitution of the vegetable and
mineral kingdom for the animal one,
iii. 317. How the supply of the wants
of man is affected by it, iii. 318.
Graham, Sir James, regards man as a
mere instrument to be used by trade,
i. 474.

Gratuity of nature's services, i. 173.
Gravitation. Resistance thereto, in the
direct ratio of organization, i. 89.

molecular. Subjection of man

Ef-

to the great law of, i. 42.
Great Britain. Prohibitions of the export
of artisans and machinery from, i. 287.
System of, based upon the idea of main-
taining and increasing the tax of
transportation, i. 288. Sacrifices com-
merce at the shrine of trade, i. 289.
Condition of, as exhibited by Adam
Smith, i. 415. Unceasing wars of, i.
419. Policy of, directly opposed to the
teachings of Adam Smith, i. 421.
forts of, to destroy the competition of
other nations, i. 420. Large capitals
the great instruments of warfare of, i.
421. Changes in the societary propor-
tions of, i. 435. Emigration from, i.
440. Diminution of the rural popula-
tion of, i. 441. Diminished power of
employing small capitals in, i. 444.
Growing centralization of, i. 444. In-
creasing proportion of labor's products
absorbed by the traders of, i. 445.
Gulf dividing the higher and lower
classes of society, a constantly widen-
ing one, i. 446. Demoralization of the
people, and strife for life in, i. 447.
Decline of local centres, and growing
centralization of, i. 449. Failure of
the Reform Act in, i. 451. Montalem-
bert on the dangers to society in, i. 451.
Growing societary imperfection, and
international immorality, in, i. 452.
Declining power of self-direction in, i.
453. Dalhousie, on the dangers of

Mo-

Indian Government by, i. 453.
mentary expediency, the sole rule of
action of, i. 454. Selfish policy of, i.
455. Rev. Sidney Smith on the taxa-
tion of, i. 456. Thornton on the con-
dition of the people of, i. 456. Glori-
fication of trade by, i. 457. Parnell
on the cost of the colonies of, i, 457.
Slight development of the artistic fac-
ulty in, ii. 85. Account of, with the
world at large, ii. 86. Movement of,
as compared with that of France, ii.
86. How agricultural nations are taxed
for the maintenance of the fleets and
armies of, ii. 87. Consolidation of the
land of, ii. 95. Growing dependence
of, ii. 97. Rude character of the ex-
ports of, ii. 100. Trading policy of, ii.
105. Export of corn by, and its effects,
ii. 191. Power of, to command the
services of the great forces of nature,
ii. 207. Tendency of the precious
metals towards, ii. 310. Becomes more
and more a mere trader, ii. 311.
lations of money and other capital in,
ii. 340. Diminishing power of, ii. 352.
Small amount of capital employed in
banking, in, ii. 406. Woman's condi-
tion in, iii. 382.-(See England.)
Great cities grow with the growth of cen-
tralization, i. 257.

i. 365.

Re-

obstacle to human development,

men generally unprolific, iii.

306.
Greatest effects always the result of the
most minute causes, whether in the
physical or social world, ii. 354, iii.
309.

Greece. Tendency towards local asso-
ciation in, i. 45. Decline of individu-
ality in, i. 55. Course of settlement
in, i. 132. Colonial system of, i. 285.
Division of the land of, and its effects,
iii. 82. Development of concentration
in, iii. 216.

Grecian colonization, iii. 334.

history, early periods of, i. 240.
Greeley, H., on France, ii. 68. On the
manufactures of Russia, ii. 155.
Growing power of association, a cause of
rejoicing to all, except the trader, i.
212.

equality of the various soils of
France, ii. 64.

independence of France, ii. 104;
of Russia, ii. 166.
Guillard, M. His Statisque Humaine, iii.
281.

Guizot, M., on Roman civilization, i. 248;
on civil and municipal corporations,
iii. 417.

Guyot, M. His Earth and Man, extracts
from, i. 53, iii. 331, 333.

Abandonment of the richer lands of, i. |
354. Wages and crime of, i. 355.
Opium trade of, i. 357. Trivial value
of land in, i. 358. Destructive char-
acter of the British system, as exhib-
ited in, i. 360. Its tendencies, as ex-
hibited by Mr. McCulloch, i. 362. Per-
petual wars of, i. 377. Enormous tax-
ation of, i. 426. Small consumption
of British manufactures in, ii. 87. Rent
of land, and Anstey on the taxation of,
iii. 157. Education in, iii. 281, 391.
Extreme poverty of the ryots of, iii.
282. Michelet, on English policy and
its effects in, iii. 462. Causes of the
rebellion in, iii. 462.
Indirect taxes. Causes of the necessity
for, in the early stages of society, iii.
174. Tend to disappear, as property
becomes fixed, iii. 175. Tend to in-
crease, as trade acquires power, and
land declines in value, iii. 180. Rapid
growth of, in Great Britain, iii. 185.
Must be maintained in all purely agri-
cultural countries, iii. 198. Approval
of, by economists of the Ricardo-Mal-
thusian school, iii. 202. Governmental
waste consequent upon the existence
of, iii. 204. Protection, a measure of
preparation for the substitution of direct
taxation, iii. 207. Inconsistencies of
the advocates of the doctrine of laisser
faire, in reference to, iii. 442.
Individuality, one of the distinctive quali-
ties of man, i. 52. Conditions of its
development, i. 52. Essential to the
existence of responsibility, i. 58.
Growth of, in Greece, Italy, the Neth-
erlands, Spain, and Ireland, i. 55. De-
cline of, in France, in the middle ages,
i. 56. How it exhibits itself in the
United States, i. 57. Grows with the
growth of the power of combination, i.
57. Absence of, in the hunter and
shepherd states, i. 95. Development
of, in Denmark, ii. 115; in Germany,
ii. 141; in Sweden, ii. 171. Decline of,
in the United States, ii. 245. Becomes
more developed as capital becomes
fixed, iii. 92. Indispensable to increase
of heat, motion, and force, iii. 107.
Grows with the growth of interdepend-
ence, iii. 456.

Indivisibility of science, i. 33.
Industrial history of the United States,
ii. 235.

Inequality of conditions, in the early
stages of society, i. 207. Augments,
with decline in the power to command
the services of the precious metals, ii.
346. Growth of, in Great Britain, i.
442, ii. 98, iii. 288.

Infant, nutritive functions of the, inde-
pendent of the brain, iii. 405.

|

Infant societies. Their independence of
civil governments, iii. 405.
Infanticide in England, iii. 289.
Insecurity of person and property in the
early ages of society, i. 139, 234; in
Spain, i. 250.

Instability in the societary movement of
the United States, ii. 227.
Instincts and sentiments, antagonism of,
iii. 298.

-. Their independence of, and sub-
jection to, the rational powers, iii. 403.
Instrument of association, known as
money, of the, ii. 293.
Insubordination, a consequence of the
absence of societary differences, iii. 460.
Grows with growing competition for
the sale of labor, iii. 461. Its growth
in all the countries that follow in the
lead of England, iii. 461.
Interchanges between the earth and at-
mosphere, necessity for, and conditions
of, i. 85.

Interdependence grows with the growth
of independence, iii. 456. Individuality
developed with the growth of, iii. 456.
Trading centralization looks to the
annihilation of, iii. 464.

Interest. Always high in purely agricul-
tural countries, i. 158, iii. 116. Causes
of high rate of, in the United States,
ii. 236, 324. How affected by supplies
of the precious metals, ii. 309. Causes
of decline in the rate of, ii. 335. De-
clines, as the societary circulation be-
comes more rapid, ii. 336. Prosperity
inconsistent with an advancing rate
of, ii. 337. Always high, when money
is scarce, ii. 337. How affected by
hoarding, ii. 345. Strength of com-
munities increases, as the rate of, de-
clines, ii. 349. Declines, as the prices
of raw products and finished commodi-
ties approach each other, ii. 350. Ten-
dency of, to rise, in countries that ex-
port raw materials, ii. 350. Of profits,
wages, and, iii. 109. Rate of, dimin-
ishes, as men are more enabled to
combine together, iii. 117. Hume and
Mr. J. S. Mill, on the causes which de-
termine the rate of, iii. 125, 128. Tur-
got on, iii. 130.

Internal commerce of Germany, ii. 134.
International immorality of Great Brit-
ain, i. 452; of the United States, ii. 238.
Involuntary emigration from the British
Islands, i. 441, iii. 345.

Ionian Islands. Causes of the distress
of the people of the, i. 369.
Ireland. Prohibition of association in, i.
286. Manufactures of, at the date of
the Revolution of 1688, i. 320. Re-
straints upon the manufactures and
commerce of, i. 321. Limitation of the