accumulates most rapidly where the
rate is low, iii. 119. Reverse of this
held by Mr. McCulloch, iii. 122.
Progress, power of, one of the distinctive

characteristics of man, i. 60. Heat,
motion, and force, essential to, in both
the physical and social world, i. 60.
Rate of, dependent on the rapidity
with which consumption follows pro-
duction, i. 61. The more instant the
demand for human powers, the greater
the tendency towards acceleration in
the rate of, ii. 297.

Prohibition of manufactures in the Brit-
ish West Indies, i. 295; in the North
American Colonies, i. 286.
Property, insecurity of, in the early stages
of society, i. 234.

Proportion of labor's products assigned to
the laborer increases, as that of the
capitalist diminishes, i. 157, iii. 112, 210.

borne by machinery of exchange
to production, diminishes as men are
more enabled to associate, i. 189.
Proportions, law of definite, equally ap-
plicable in Physical and Social Science,
i. 199. As exhibited in the societary
distribution, i. 234, 263, 416, 460, ii. 20,
22, 39. As applied to profits, interest,
freights, or rents, iii. 116.

of labor wasted and economised,
in the various stages of society, ii. 20.
of trade and transportation, in-
crease in, in the United States, ii. 218.
of money to commerce, ii. 358.

of the land-owners and the labor-
ers, according to the Ricardo theory,
iii. 135. That theory compared with
the facts observed, iii. 150.-(See Rent
of land.)

Pro-slavery tendencies of the United
States, ii. 252.

Prospect of life increases, with the de-
velopment of individuality, i. 259.
Prospective changes in the ratio of pro-
creation, iii. 305.
Prosperity comes with diversity in the
demand for human efforts, iii. 341.
Prostitution. The necessary consequence
of a system based upon the idea of
cheap labor, iii. 380. Of, in London,
iii. 381. Of, in America, iii. 385. Dr.
Sanger on, iii. 385.

Protection, of. Reasons for its adoption
by Portugal, i. 308. Measures of,
adopted in France, under the adminis-
tration of Colbert, ii. 46. Their effect,
in giving value to land and labor, ii.
47. Policy of, maintained by Turgot,
ii. 49. Repudiated by the negotiators
of the Eden treaty, ii. 49. Re-esta-
blished by the Revolutionary govern-
ment, and strengthened by Napoleon,
ii. 50. Effect of, as exhibited in the

progress of agriculture, ii. 51. Simul-
taneous adoption of, by the principal
nations of Europe and America, ii. 111.
In Prussia, ii. 128. In Russia, ii. 149.
In Denmark, ii. 112. In Sweden, ii.
167. Operation of, in the United States,
ii. 225. How the laborer is affected by,
ii. 277. How it cheapens finished com-
modities, while raising the prices of
rude products, ii. 274, 275. How it
affects commerce, ii. 277. How it in-
fluences the movements of the precious
metals, ii. 351. How it affects the cur-
rency of the United States, ii. 437.
How it has influenced the societary
movement of the United States, ii. 438.
How it promotes the growth of capital,
iii. 67. The necessary preparation for
the substitution of direct for indirect
taxation, iii. 207. How it promotes
competition for the purchase of labor,
iii. 246. How it influences the supply
of food in the United States, iii. 322.
How it affects the demand for female
labor, iii. 383. How regarded by Col-
bert, iii. 424; by Hume and Smith, iii.
425; by J. B. Say, iii. 426; by M. Blan-
qui, iii. 427; by M. De Jonnès, iii. 428;
by Mr. J. S. Mill, iii. 428; by M. Che-
valier, iii. 429. Why is it needed? iii.
441. Its object, that of establishing
perfect freedom of commerce through-
out the world, iii. 453.
Protective policy of Spain, ii. 119.

of England, origin and
extension of the, i. 394, 398, 404.
Proximity of the market, indispensable
to the growth of agriculture, ii. 29.
Prudence and foresight, recommended by
writers who commence by expelling
from the minds of their readers all
feeling of hope, iii. 362.
Prussia, rapid advance of, in wealth and
power, i. 49. Concentration, as exhib-
ited in, iii. 226. Division of the land of.
and its effects, iii. 84.-(See Germany.)
Prussian tariff of 1818, protective features
of the, ii. 128.

Psychology follows Social Science, in the
order of development, i. 22.
Public lands of the United States, sales
of the, ii. 230.

revenue of Turkey, diminution in
the, i. 312.

revenue of the United States,
movement of the, ii. 222.

Q.

Quarterly Review, on English agriculture,
ii. 33. On the condition of the juve-
nile population of England, iii. 394.
Question to be settled, that of progress,
and not that of existing condition, ii. 73.

Questions asked by Mathematics and by
Science, wide difference of the, iii. 469.
Quijano, M., on the cause of value, i. 174.

R.

Railroad corporations, growth of the
power of, to control legislation, iii. 444.
systems of India and Ireland,
tendencies of the, i. 368.
Rank of the animal, fecundity graduated
inversely to the, iii. 302.
Rate, high, of profit in agricultural coun-
tries, iii. 116. Accompanied by small-
ness of amount, iii. 116.

Ratio of procreation governed by socie-
tary conditions, iii. 305.

Raudot, M., on the decline of France,
ii. 62.

Raw material, definition of, ii. 303.

materials, prices of, tend to rise with
the progress of civilization, i. 427, ii.
302.

Their tendency to fall, in all the
countries subject to the British system,
429. Approximation in the prices
of, towards those of finished commodi-
ties, one of the most conclusive proofs
of human progress, i. 464, ii. 301, iii.
43, 59, 93, 116, 369. Tend toward those
places at which they are most utilized,
ii. 308.

Real freedom of trade consists in the ex-
ercise of the power to maintain direct
commerce with the outer world. Its
establishment, the object of measures
of protection, iii. 453.

Recklessness in the United States, ii. 248.
Reform Act of Great Britain, failure of
the, i. 451.

Reformers, general error of, iii. 470. How
they might profit by the study of Social
Science, iii. 470.

Relations of the sexes, iii. 368. Slavery

of woman in the early periods of so-
ciety, iii. 368. Becomes more free, as
man advances in wealth and power,
iii. 368.

of the family, how affected by di-
vision of the land, iii. 387.
Rent of land, high proportion claimed as,
in purely agricultural communities, i.
158. Diminution in the proportion of,
an evidence of progress, i. 169. In-
creases in amount, as it declines in its
proportion to the product, i. 176, iii.
133. Obedient to the general law of
distribution, iii. 131. Changes in, con-
sequent upon the growth of power to
cultivate richer soils, iii. 133. Decline
in its proportions, as labor becomes
more productive, iii. 133. Examina-
tion of Mr. Ricardo's theory of, iii. 136-
154. Error of Adam Smith in refe-
rence to, iii. 144. Diminution of its

proportions admitted by Mr. Malthus,
iii. 144. Changes in the, in England,
since the time of Arthur Young, iii.
146.

Diminution in the proportions

of, in France, iii. 147. Mr. Ricardo's
theory of, inconsistent with all the facts
observed, iii. 154. Phenomena of
Greece and Italy, in regard to, iii. 155.
Proportions of, increase, as land be-
comes more and more consolidated, iii.
156.

Rents of Ireland, i. 323.
Reproduction, cost of, the limit of value,
i. 149. Determines the value of all
commodities, ii. 335, iii. 111, 133.
Reproductive function predominates in
woman, iii. 298.
adjusted to varying con-
ditions of the human race, by organic
laws, iii. 296.

and intellectual and moral
powers, mature cotemporaneously, iii.
300.

Repulsive character of the British trading
system, iii. 347.

of the modern political

economy, i. 196.
Resistance to the system of trading cen-
tralization, how to be effected, ii. 101,
iii. 453.
Responsibility, one of the distinguishing
characteristics of man, i. 57. Absence
of, in the early stages of society, i. 58.
Becomes developed with the growth
of individuality, i. 58. How it exhibits
itself in Germany and the United States,
i. 59. Individuality, association, and,
develop themselves together, i. 60.
Grows with the growth of wealth, i.
197; with division of the land, iii.
275. How it affects the growth of
population, iii. 276. Grows with in-
crease in the gifts of God to man, iii.
364. Malthusian theory transfers the
burthen of, from the rich and strong,
to the poor and weak, iii. 365. Of
parent and child, iii. 387. How that
of parents is manifested in Central and
Northern Europe, iii. 388. How, in
England, and in the countries that fol-
low in her lead, iii. 391; in the United
States, iii. 397. Becomes developed in
the ratio of the approximation of the
prices of rude products and finished
commodities, iii. 400. Of the states-
man, iii. 471.
Restraints upon Irish commerce and
manufactures, i. 321.
Restrictions on French commerce, prior
to the Revolution, ii. 50, 52.
Retrograde character of British policy
and British theories, i. 469.
Revenue, public, of Russia, ii. 161; of the
United States, ii. 224.

of Athens, iii. 178; of Rome, iii. 179;
of Holland, iii. 180; of Turkey and
Sicily, iii. 181; of Great Britain, iii.
183; of the United States, iii. 191; of
Denmark and Northern Germany, iii.
194; of Russia, iii. 195.
Ricardo, Mr. His theory of Rent, i. 104,
iii. 134. His contradiction of himself,
i. 105. Its apparent simplicity, but real
complication, i. 106. Based on the as-
sumption of an imaginary fact, i. 106,
iii. 136. Being true, man must become
nature's slave, i. 231, iii. 137. Not in
harmony with the facts, i. 142, iii. 141.
His several propositions examined, iii.
136-154. Growing discord a natural
result of, iii. 151. His book the true
manual of the demagogue, iii. 154. His
error in regard to the fact upon which
his theory is based, admitted by his
disciples, iii. 160. M. Baudrillart on
his theory, iii. 163. Insecurity of
property resulting from admission of
its truth, iii. 169.

His theory of the occupation
of the earth, i. 104. Brings with it
increasing dispersion and weakness-
the real law being that of growing
concentration and augmented power, i.

138.

i. 162.

On the cause of value in land,
On the poor-laws, iii. 436.
and Malthus, the first economists
to adopt the mathematical method, i.
33.

Ricardo-Malthusian doctrine owes its
origin to the rejection of the advice of
Adam Smith, i. 196. An effort to ac-
count for human errors by means of
imaginary natural laws, i. 468.
Rich soils, last to be cultivated, aban-
doned as population diminishes, i.
139. Abandonment of, in Asia and
Africa, i. 142; in Turkey, Italy, and
France, i. 143; in America, i. 144. How
the cultivation of, affects production,
iii. 38. Great extent of, yet unoccu-
pied, iii. 332.

Rickards, R., on the financial policy of
India, i. 340.

G. K., on population, iii. 362.
Rights and duties, division of, in Athens,
i. 241.

of property, respect for, in Ger-
many, ii. 145.
Rivers never constitute the dividing lines
of animals, or nations, i. 138.
Robbery and murder deified in the early
periods of society, i. 216.
Roman empire, causes of the decline of
the civil and municipal corporations
of the, iii. 418.

patrician families, rapid extinc-
tion of the, iii. 307.

247. Consolidation of the land of, and
trading operations in, i. 247. Civiliza-
tion of, i. 248. Taxation of, iii. 179.
Of woman in, iii. 371.
Roots and branches of the tree of science,
i. 21; of the tree of commerce, i. 224.
Roscher, M., on the Ricardo theory of
Rent, iii. 162.

Rossi, M. His definition of wealth, i. 193.
Rejects the doctrine of laisser faire,
iii. 427.

Rubbish plants mark the track of man,
i. 84.

Rude character of English commerce in
the 14th century, i. 394.
Rural population of England, emigration
of the, i. 440. Condition of the, i. 441.
Movement of the, in the United States,
ii. 240.

Russia.

Course of settlement in, i. 130.
Commerce of, in its purely agricultural
state, ii. 147. Operation of the Conti-
nental system, and free trade, in, ii.
148. Mordvinoff on the policy of, ii.
148. Adoption of the policy of Col-
bert by, ii. 149. Growth of manufac-
tures in, ii. 149, 153. Agricultural
progress of, ii. 150, 162. Prices of
rude products in, ii. 151. Small export
of food by, ii. 152. Baron Haxthausen
on, ii. 153. Local combination in, ii. 155.
Tegoborski on the productive forces
of, ii. 156. Greeley on the manufac-
tures of, ii. 155. Waste of human
power in, ii. 156. Wages in, ii. 157.
Improved condition of the agricultural
labor of, ii. 158. Conditions necessary
to freedom in, ii. 159. Increase of
the commerce of, ii. 160. Commu-
nism of, ii. 163. Division of land in,
ii. 164. Irregularity of prices in, ii.
165. Growing self-dependence of, ii.
166. Cobden on, ii. 167. Westminster
Review on the waste of labor in, ii.
173. Revenue system of, iii. 195.
Russian farmer, dependent condition of
the, i. 268.

S.

Salt tax of India, the, i. 344.
Same words used by economists to ex-
press widely different ideas, i. 262.
Savage, the, an irresponsible being, i. 58.
Saving, not the cause of growth of capi-
tal, iii. 60. Waste greatest, where it
is most practised, iii. 61. Errors of
economists in regard to, iii. 69.
Saving-funds for labor, produced by divi-
sion of the land, iii. 102.

Say, J. B., on the cause of value in land,
i. 163. His definition of wealth, i. 194.
On the prospects of the working-
classes, iii. 421. Rejects the idea of

the universal adoption of the doctrine
of laisser faire, as applied to interna-
tional commerce, iii. 426.
Scandinavia.

Course of settlement in,

i. 129.
Scheme of creation, the, not a failure, iii.
465.

Schiller, on the way by which blessings
travel, iii. 470.

Schleiden, on the formation of soils, i. 77.
Schouw. His Earth, Plants, and Man,
ii. 32.

Science and its methods, of, i. 9.

developed from the abstract to the
concrete, i. 12, 215.

how developed, according to M.
Comte, i. 15.

one and indivisible, i. 21, 38.
deduced from observation of the
regular and uniform succession of
causes and effects, i. 23. Requires
laws, i. 35. The interpreter of nature,
iii. 469.

welcomed by the agricultural pop-
ulation of Germany, ii. 141.
Scotland. Course of settlement in, i. 124.
Clearances of population in, ii. 95, iii.
259. Strikes in, ii. 105. Production
of, iii. 36.

Scottish banking, of, ii. 405. Its supe-
riority to that of England, ii. 408.
Security of person and property essential
to continuity in the societary action, i.
205. Grows with the growth of the
power of association, i. 234.
Self-direction, power of, grows with the
development of societary differences,
iii. 463.

Self-help by the people, iii. 423.
Selfishness defeats itself, whether that of
individuals or societies, i. 391.
Self-respect of the Danish people, ii. 114.
Semi-barbarous countries export their
products in their rudest forms, iii. 433.
Senior, Mr., on the cause of value in
land, i. 163. On the duties of an eco-
nomist, i. 196. On the rate of profit
in England, iii. 117.

Senses, the, give facts: Reason gives
principles, iii. 354.

Sentiments and instincts, antagonism of
the, iii. 298.

Sexual feeling diminished by activity of
the nervous system, iii. 300.

borne by the, in the societary distribu-
tion, i. 436.

Short duration of life, in new settlements,
i. 99.

Sicily. Course of settlement in, i. 132.
Taxation of, iii. 181.

Silver and gold, decline in the value of,
as compared with man, i. 156.
Simplicity, the essential characteristic of
nature's laws, i. 105. Total absence
of, in Mr. Ricardo's theory, i. 105.
Simultaneous adoption of the protective
policy, by the principal nations of
Europe and America, ii. 111.
Sismondi, M. His definition of wealth,
i. 194. On the effect of division of the
land, iii. 104.

Skilled industry, how it affects the growth
of population, iii. 305.
Slave, irresponsibility of the, i. 58.

trade of Jamaica, i. 296.
Slavery, of, in the early stages of society,
i. 207, 209. Tendency of the English
social system, in the direction of, i. 239.
A necessary consequence of growing
dependence on the trader, i. 283. The
ultimate tendency of the Ricardo-Mal-
thusian doctrine, i. 463, iii. 143. Ten-
dency towards, in the United States, ii.
206. Causes of the movement in that
direction, ii. 218. How promoted by
the dispersion of population, ii. 287.
How promoted by exhaustion of the
soil, iii. 98. Grows with growing com-
petition for the sale of labor, iii. 241.
Tendency towards, in all the countries
that follow in the train of England, iii.
259. Of English women, iii. 380.
in Rome, i. 247.

iii. 300.

impulses and nervous functions,
antagonism of the, iii. 300.
Shattuck, Mr. L., on American vital sta-
tisties, iii. 295.

Shepherd state of man, of the, i. 94.
Ships, wagons, sailors, and brokers, not
commerce, i. 212.

Shop-keepers of England, proportion

161. His error repeated by the modern
economists, i. 162. His definition of
wealth, i. 192, 194. His uniform oppo-
sition to trading centralization, i. 195,
294. His appreciation of the neces-
sity for combination, i. 195. His ad-
vice rejected by his countrymen, and
hence the necessity for the theory of
over-population, i. 196, 295. On the

Re-

extension of commerce, i. 292.
garded trade and manufactures as the
handmaids of agriculture, i. 414. Op-
posed to the system which looked to
the cheapening of labor and raw mate-
rials, i. 415. His view of its dangers,
i. 415. Wide difference between his
teachings and those of Mr. Malthus
and his disciples, i. 417, 419, ii. 35.
His lessons always in accordance with
the best feelings of the heart, i. 471.
Accordance of French policy with his
ideas, ii. 70. His preference for com-
merce over trade, ii. 108. His errors
in regard to money, ii. 453. On the
balance of trade, ii. 458, 463. His
error in regard to savings, as the cause
of the growth of capital, iii. 69. On
division of the land, and its effects, iii.
103. On interest, iii. 126. On the oc-
cupation of the land, iii. 144. Desired
to produce competition for the purchase
of labor: his successors seek to pro-
duce competition for its sale, iii. 206.
On the benefits resulting from concen-
tration, iii. 213. Doubted if animal
food were necessary to man, iii. 316.
On the effects of combination of action,
iii. 421. His admiration of local cen-
tres of activity, iii. 425. On protection,
iii. 425. Had no belief in abdication
on the part of the co-ordinating power,
iii. 440. On the superior advantages
of domestic commerce, iii. 452.
Smith, Rev. Sidney, on British taxation,
i. 456, iii. 179.

Smuggler, the, regarded as the great re-
former of the age, i. 420.

Social and physical laws, identity of the,
i. 42, 54, 199, ii. 269, 353, iii. 105, 244,
328, 447, 456, 463, 466.

condition of the English people,
Kay on the, i. 425, 442, 447, ii. 94, iii.
280, 289.

force dependent on the rapidity
of the societary circulation, ii. 300.

Science, teachings of, according
to the British school, i. 28. Undeter-
mined character of all propositions in, i.
35. Requires mathematical formulæ,
i. 33. Can scarcely be said, as yet, to
have existence, i. 35. Total absence
of admitted definitions in, i. 37. Highly
concrete and special, and therefore late
in its development, i. 37. Obstacles to
the progress of, i. 37. Definition of, i.
63. Identity of its laws with those of
Physical Science, i. 42, 54. Essential
difference between it and the modern
political economy, i. 197, ii. 291. Po-
litical Economy, a branch of, iii. 409.
Laws of, iii. 466. Object of the teach-
ings of, iii. 469. How men of all con-

ditions of life might profit by the study
of, iii. 469.

Socialistic errors, of, i. 260, iii. 76.
Societary distribution, under the law of
definite proportions, i. 472.

life of the race analogous to the
organic life of the individual man, iii.
404.

motion, constant acceleration of
the, i. 267, 270. Tends to increase
geometrically, i. 383. The greater its
rapidity, the larger is the proportion
of human power given to developing
the resources of the earth, ii. 27. Un-
steadiness in that of the United States,
ii. 234.

movement of countries that de-
cline in wealth and population, ii. 39.

- organization, of the, iii. 455. Mul-
tiplies force, iii. 420, 455. Subordina-
tion of the individual parts in the ratio
of the perfection of the, iii. 455. Be-
comes more perfect as differences in-
crease in number, iii. 458. Of Greece,
iii. 458. Of Italy, iii. 459.

phenomena, most remarkable of
the, ii. 297.

proportions, changes in the, i. 199,
200, 218, 220, 224, 234, 433, ii. 20, 22,
39. Effects thereof, i. 259.
Society. How theory abounds in the early
ages of, i. 23. Of the formation of, i.
198. Commerce and, but different
words for the expression of the same
idea, i. 198. Consists in combinations
resulting from the existence of socie-
tary differences, i. 198. Gradual pro-
duction of, i. 203. The more natural its
form, the greater the tendency towards
rapidity of societary motion, i. 223.
Tendency towards durability, grows
with increase of motion, i. 223. Order,
procession, and co-ordination of the
various classes of, i. 224. Motion of,
becomes more regular, as men are more
enabled to combine together, i. 224.
Gradual development of, i. 225. Iden-
tical with association and commerce, i.
291.

Soil, exhaustion of the, a necessary con-
sequence of dependence on distant
markets, i. 83. As exhibited through-
out the United States, i. 83, ii. 198,
212.

Soils, cultivation commences always with
the poorer, i. 97.

of the formation of, i. 72, 75, 76.
Soldier and trader, identity of the desires
of the, i. 217, 218, 235, 239, 261. Power
of association increases, as the neceɛ-
sity for their services declines, i. 235.
Solidarity of the interests of the various
nations of the world, ii. 90, iii. 454.