aleigh: city; capital of North Carolina and of Wake County; on the Seaboard Air Line and the Southern railways; 148 miles N. by W. of Wilmington, 286 miles S. S. W. of Washington, D. C. (for location, see map of North Carolina, ref. 2-H). It is in a cotton, corn, and tobacco-growing region, handles about 125,000 bales of cotton annually, and contains large railway-car works and repair-shops, 4 foundries, 3 large planing-mills, 3 cotton-mills, cottonseed-oil mill, 2 clothing-factories, manufactory of steam-engines, agricultural-implement works, ice-factory, and other industries. The public buildings include the Capitol, in a small park of magnificent oaks; a U. S. Government building (cost $400,000); the State penitentiary (cost over $500,000); one of three State asylums for the insane;

State Capitol, Raleigh, N. C.

the State Agricultural and Mechanical College; the State fairgrounds; and State institutions for the white blind and the colored deaf mutes and blind. There are 14 churches for white people and 12 for colored. The educational institutions include Shaw University for colored males and females (Baptist, opened in 1865), with an agricultural and mechanical annex; Peace Institute (Presbyterian, chartered in 1857); St. Mary's School (Protestant Episcopal, opened in 1842); the Raleigh Male Academy (non-sectarian, opened in 1878): St. Augustine's Normal School and Collegiate Institute (Protestant Episcopal, colored, opened in 1868); Latta University, colored; and 5 public schools. There are 4 libraries, including the State (founded in 1822) and the Supreme Court (founded in 1812), with an aggregate of over 55,000 volumes. The city has improved water and sewerage systems, electric lights, street-railway, 2 national banks with combined capital of $325,000, 2 State banks with capital of $115,000, and 3 daily, 5 weekly, and 2 monthly periodicals. Pop. (1880) 9,265; (1890) 12.678.

EDITOR OF "EVENING VISITOR." Raleigh, or Ralegh, Sir WALTER: explorer and author; b. at Hayes, parish of East Budleigh, Devonshire, England, in 1552, second son of Walter Raleigh by his wife Catharine (Champernoun), widow of Otho Gilbert; entered at Oriel College, Oxford, about 1568; enrolled himself in a volunteer corps of auxiliaries commanded by his relative, Henry Cham

VOL. X.-1

pernoun, 1569, and passed several years fighting in behalf of the Huguenots in France; served under Sir John Norris, and afterward under the Prince of Orange, in the Netherlands 1576-79. His half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, having meanwhile obtained from Elizabeth letters patent dated June 11, 1578, empowering him to discover and possess any countries in North America not previously occupied, Raleigh sailed with him for Newfoundland 1579, but was forced by storms (and perhaps by an engagement with a Spanish fleet) to return without having landed in America. He went to Ireland as captain of a company 1580; aided in suppressing the Earl of Desmond's rebellion; was associated with Sir William Morgan in the government of the province of Munster; presented himself at court 1582; obtained the favor of Elizabeth; was employed in confidential negotiations with the French ambassador and the Duke of Anjou; subscribed £2,000 to the second expedition to Newfoundland under Sir Humphrey Gilbert, which resulted in the occupation of that island and the death of Sir Humphrey by shipwreck 1583, and obtained from Elizabeth a new patent for discoveries and colonization in North America, by virtue of which an expedition, headed by Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow, sailed from England Apr. 13, 1584, and explored Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds in the summer of that year. Their enthusiastic accounts of the newly discovered region being made known to Elizabeth, she bestowed upon it the name of Virginia, and conferred knighthood upon Raleigh 1585, who in the course of the year was made lord warden of the stannaries and seneschal of the counties of Cornwall and Devon; took his seat in Parliament for Devonshire; obtained the passage of a bill confirming his proprietary rights, and dispatched to Virginia an expedition of seven vessels and 108 colonists under Sir Richard Grenville, which made a settlement on Roanoke island. Re-enforcements were sent in the two following years, but the enterprise failed through the capture of two ships by the French, and from mismanagement on the part of the leaders of the colonists, some of whom returned home, and the remainder perished by starvation or massacre; the chief practical result being the introduction of tobacco and potatoes into England. He took an active part in the preparations for repelling the Spanish Armada as captain of the queen's guard, member of the council of war, and lieutenant-general of the forces in Cornwall; commanded a vessel which rendered good service in the actions with the Armada, July, 1588; accompanied Sir Francis Drake in his expedition to Portugal 1589; visited Edmund Spenser at Kilcolman Castle, Ireland, on his return, and in behalf of the poet presented to Elizabeth the first three books of the Faerie Queene. In 1590 he equipped a fleet of thirteen vessels, and with Frobisher cruised successfully against Spanish vessels in the West Indies. He was imprisoned for two months in the Tower of London 1592, on account of his secret marriage with Elizabeth Throgmorton, one of the queen's maids of honor, and, being forbidden to present himself at court, he organized an expedition of five vessels, with which he sailed from Plymouth Feb. 9, 1595, explored the coasts of Guiana, and ascended Orinoco river, and on his return published The Discovery of the Large, Rich, and Beautiful Empire of Guiana (4to, 1596). He served as rear-admiral at the taking of Cadiz, where he

1

RAMAZAN

background of the poem leads to the conclusion that the date of the original Rāmāyana can not be later than the fifth century B. C.

RAMSAY

CHARLES R. LANMAN.

Ramazan' [Turk. Pers, ramazan Arab. ramadan, name of a month, probably deriv. of ramad, be hot]: the Mussulman fast. It is incumbent on every adult believer unless specially exempt, and continues through the entire month of Ramazan, because in that month the Koran was revealed to the Prophet. No food or drink of any sort must enter the mouth from dawn," from the moment one can distinguish a white hair from a black one," until sunset. One must neither smoke nor inhale perfumes, and must carefully abstain from swallowing his saliva. The Mussulman calendar being lunar, Ramazan in the space of thirty-three years traverses all the seasons. In summer it falls heavy upon the laboring classes; it is, however, observed in general with most accurate fidelity. As far as possible, night and day are made to change places, the mosques remain open all night, and the streets are thronged. It is terminated by the festival of the Kutchuk or Little Bairam, a period of rejoicing. E. A. GROSVENOR.

Rambouillet, Hôtel de, ō'tel'de-raan'boo'ya': the name generally given to a social circle which gathered around Catherine de Vivonne, Marquise de Rambouillet, and her daughter, Julie d'Angennes, Duchesse de Montausier. Catherine de Vivonne, a daughter of the Marquis of Pisani, French ambassador at Rome, by a Roman lady, was born in 1588 at Rome, and married in 1600 to the Marquis de Rambouillet. Offended by the tone and manners of the French court, she determined to form a court of her own. Her house soon became the place where all who had genius, wit, learning, talent, or taste assembled, and from these reunions originated the French Academy, the highest authority of French literature, and the salons, the most prominent feature of French civilization. The influence of the Hôtel de Rambouillet on conversation and language, manners and morals, was very great, and must, generally speaking, be called highly beneficial; but it occasioned imitations which were merely ridiculous. (See PRÉCIEUSES.) See Röderer, Histoire de la Société polie en France pendant le 17 Siècle (1835), and Charles Livet, Précieux et Précieuses (1859).

Revised by A. G. CANFIELD. Rameau, raa mo', JEAN PHILIPPE: composer; b. Sept. 25, 1683, at Dijon, France, where his father was an organist; traveled from 1701 to 1717 in Italy and Southern France as violinist in the orchestra of a troupe of strolling actors; was appointed organist successively in Lille, Clermont, and Paris, and published in 1722 his Traité de l'Harmonie, in 1726 Nouveau Système de Musique théorique, and in 1732 Dissertation sur les différentes Méthodes d'Accompagnement. Having acquired by these works a great name as a reformer of theoretical music, he began composing for the stage. In 1732 his opera Hippolyte et Aricie had complete success, and he composed about twenty operas and ballets, besides minor pieces of music, which gave him rank beside Lully, who at that time reigned almost absolutely on the stage. D. in Paris, Sept. 12, 1764.

Rammohun Roy: scholar; b. at Burdwan, Bengal, about 1774; belonged to a wealthy Brahmanical family; studied Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic; resided for some time in Tibet; edited The Bengal Herald in English: was in 1830 sent to the British court from the sovereign of Delhi. D. at Bristol, Sept. 27, 1833. He early renounced the Brahmanical faith. Much attention was attracted in 1820 to his Precepts of Jesus, the Guide of Peace and Happiness, published in English, Sanskrit, and Bengalee, and written from a Unitarian standpoint. He founded the BRAHMO SOMAJ (9. v.). Ra'moth Gil'ead [from Heb. Ramoth, liter., high things, heights + Gileadh, liter., hard, stony region (or hill of witness)]: first mentioned in Deut. iv. 43; a Levitical city and dan (see map of Palestine, ref. 8-F). Ahab, seventh King one of the three cities of refuge on the east side of the Jorof Israel, fell in battle there about 897 B. C., and his son Jehoram, ninth King of Israel, was severely wounded there about 884. It is commonly identified with Es-Salt (Arabic adaptation of Saltus Hieraticus, sacred forest), about 23 miles N. E. of Jericho, up the wadi Shaib, only 2 or 3 miles from the summit of Jebel Osh'a, the view from which is considered the finest in Palestine. Es-Salt has a population of about 4,000, of whom 500 are Christians. It seems better, however, to identify it with Jal'ud, which is the equivalent of Gilead. It lies about 5 miles N. of Es-Salt. Rampart: See FORTIFICATION.

Rampur: a native state of India under the protection of tween 28° 26 and 29° 10' N. lat., and between 78 54 and the Indian Government; in the Northwest Provinces, be79° 33′ E. lon. (see map of N. India, ref. 5-E). It is a hot, fertile, and unhealthful region. Area, 945 sq. miles. Pop. (1891) 551,242. Its capital, Rampur, consists mostly of mud huts, and is famous for fine shawls. Pop. (1891) 76,733. Ramsauer, JEAN: See the Appendix.

66

Ramsay, ALLAN: poet; b. at Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland, Oct. 15, 1686; was in early life a wigmaker at Edinburgh; afterward became a bookseller, and printed many poems, Scottish and English, usually on broadsides or single sheets. He ultimately acquired considerable celebrity, and his bookshop having become a favorite resort of the literary men of Edinburgh, he enlarged his business, becoming a publisher, and started the first circulating library in Scotland. The first collected volume of his poems appeared in 1720; others were soon added, of which the most popular were The Tea-table Miscellany (4 vols., 1724), The Gentle Shepherd, a Scots Pastoral Comedy (1725), and A Collection of Thirty Fables (1730). To him must be credited the preservation of many relics of ancient Scottish literature. In 1724 he published The Evergreen, an important collection of old Scotch songs. D. in Edinburgh. Jan. 7, 1758. The best edition of his poetical works is that of George Chalmers (London, 2 vols., 1800; new ed. Paisley, 1874). His son, ALLAN, b. in Edinburgh in 1713, was an eminent portrait-painter at London; became principal painter to George III. 1767, and was at one time considered (though without reason) a rival of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He figured in literary circles as a friend of Dr. Johnson, and published some pamphlets and essays, chiefly political. D. at Dover, Aug. 10, 1784. Revised by H. A. Beers.

in the Pinacoteca. D. 1542.

Rameses: See RAMSES.

Ram'ie, or China Grass [ramie is from Malay]: the fiber of Bahmeria nivea, an Asiatic plant of the family Urticacea. This fiber is stronger than hemp and more durable when woven than linen. The fabric known as grass cloth is made in China from this fiber. Ramie-fiber, superior in

1851; was president of the Geological Society of London 1862-63, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1880; became director-general of the Geological Survey 1872; was knighted in 1881. He was the author of numerous memoirs on theoretical questions in geology; of works on the geology of Arran (1841), North Wales (1858), and Switzerland (1860); of Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain (1863); and of a large Geological Map of England and Wales (1859). D. Dec. 9, 1891.

Revised by G. K. GILBERT.

Ramsay, DAVID, M. D.: physician and author; b. in Lancaster co., Pa., Apr. 2, 1749; graduated at Princeton 1765; studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; settled as a physician at Charleston, S. C., 1773; served in the war of the Revolution as a field-surgeon, participating in the siege of Savannah; was a leading member of the South Carolina Legislature 1776-83, and of the council of safety at Charleston, on the capture of which city he was treated by the British as a hostage and kept eleven months in close confinement in St. Augustine, Fla., 1780-81; was a member of the Continental Congress 1782-84, and again 1785-86; was acting president of Congress during most of the latter period, on account of the sickness of Hancock; published a History of the Revolution of South Carolina (2 vols., Trenton, 1785), History of the American Revolution (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1789), a Life of Washington (New York, 1807), a History of South Carolina (Charleston, 1809), and History of the United States 1607-1808 (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1816-17), besides medical and other essays. His first wife was a daughter of President Witherspoon, of Princeton; his second was Martha, daughter of Henry Laurens, and of her he published a memoir in 1811. During the last fourteen years of his life Dr. Ramsay was a member of the South Carolina Legislature, and for much of the time president of the Senate. D. in Charleston, May 8, 1815.

Ramsay, FRANCIS MUNROE: See the Appendix. Ramsay, WILLIAM MITCHELL, D. C. L.: scholar; b. in Glasgow, Scotland, Mar. 15, 1851; was educated at the Universities of Aberdeen, Oxford, Göttingen, and Berlin; held the traveling studentship of Oxford University in 1879; was fellow of Exeter College in 1882; resided and traveled in Asia Minor 1880-84, and made frequent excursions to that land 1885-91; was Lincoln Professor of Classical Art and Archæology in Oxford 1885; and since 1886 has been Professor of Humanity in Aberdeen University. Dr. Ramsay has published numerous articles in magazines of Europe and the U. S.: Historical Geography of Asia Minor (1890); The Church in the Roman Empire before 170 A. D. (1893); and St. Paul's Travels: the Narrative, its Author, and Date: Morgan lectures in Theological Seminary, Auburn, N. Y. (London, 1895). C. K. HOYT.

Ram'ses, or Ram'eses (Egypt. Ra-messu): the name of thirteen Kings of Egypt belonging to the nineteenth and twentieth dynasties. RAMSES I., the first king of the nineteenth dynasty, ascended the throne at the close of a period of confusion consequent upon the religious reforms attempted by KHUNATEN (q. v.), during which the Nubians and the Shasu or Eastern nomads had thrown off the yoke of Egypt. All that is known of him is that he waged war in a small way in Nubia, where he left memorial stela; that he made a treaty with the Hittites; and that he did some building at Thebes, where he commenced the great hypostyle hall at Karnak. His chief claim to distinction is that he was the father of Seti I., one of the greatest of Egyptian warriors and conquerors, who claimed to have extended his sway till it included all that Thothmes III. had held. Seti thus handed on a united and powerful kingdom to RAMSES II., whom he had already associated, in his twelfth year, with himself as king. Ramses II. ruled for sixty-six or sixty-seven years. He was a powerful monarch, a great builder, and a liberal patron. The Greek writers ascribed to him many wonderful deeds under the name of Sesostris, but this name was a sort of conglomerate in which the personalities of several kings were combined, such, e. g., as Usertasen II. of the twelfth, Ramses II. of the nineteenth, and Ramses III. of the twentieth dynasty. The name of Ramses II. is found on monuments or buildings from Beirut to Napata and from one end of Egypt to the other, as well as throughout the length of Nubia. (See IPSAMBUL.) In many cases, however, his name was inserted in the inscriptions of other kings by a process of usurpation in which he was the worst offender in Egyptian history. His principal residence appears to have been at Tanis, where he erected a granite temple which he adorned with a colossal statue of himself. At Thebes he erected the Ramesseum, besides extending the buildings of his predecessors. He built also at Abydos (see MEMNONIUM), at Memphis, and Heliopolis, besides a multitude of other places. The Ramesseum, a large temple on the W. of the Nile opposite Karnak, was devoted to the worship of the manes of the great Ramses. On its walls were inscribed the accounts of his wars, especially the account of the expedition against the Hittites which is commemorated in the famous poem of Pentaur.

RAMUS

His warlike operations began while he was coregent with Seti I., when he led expeditions into Nubia and Libya. Near Beirut are inscriptions which record his advance to that point in his second and fourth years. In his fifth year he marched against the Hittites, whose principal seat was in the region about Carchemish. With them were allied all the peoples of the entire region. At Kadesh, on the Orontes, battle was joined, and in the conflict Ramses was successful over Mautenure, the Hittite king, largely by reason of his personal daring and prowess, if we may credit the monumental record. In his eighth year another expedition was undertaken against certain cities in Palestine, Ascalon being the principal place captured. In his twenty-first year Ramses entered into an offensive and defensive alliance with Chetasar, the Hittite king, and to confirm this treaty, which remained in force during the rest of his reign, he took to wife the daughter of the Hittite. In consequence, more intimate relations of friendship and trade were established between Egypt and the East. After a reign of sixty-seven (Josephus, sixty-six) years, Ramses died, and was succeeded by his son Meneptah (Egypt. Mer-en-Ptah, beloved of Ptah), who is usually regarded as the Pharaoh of the Exodus, under whom the kingdom rapidly lost prestige.

RAMSES III. was the second king of the twentieth dynasty. and ten others bearing the same name followed in immediate succession. The period which preceded the reign of Ramses III. was almost one of anarchy, and in it even a Syrian appears to have succeeded in gaining temporary royal power. by the priests was such as to lead to a speedy deterioration During the period following his death the power exercised of the kingdom, and to a final usurpation of the throne by HER-HOR (q. v.), the priest-king. Ramses III. waged war Hittites and their allies, while Punt and Ethiopia were with the Libyans and with his neighbors to the N. E., the forced to pay tribute. His reign was brilliant, and was MEDINET HABU (q. v.), at Thebes, which in its various extensions presented the annals of the king. For ethnological purposes its mural decorations, giving life-like portraits of prisoners taken in war, are very valuable. See Petrie's Racial Types from Egypt (1887).

commemorated on the walls of Ramses's memnonium at

The most notable events of the following reigns were the thefts practiced in the necropolis at Thebes and elsewhere, in the times of Ramses IX. and X., which were made the subject of investigations. The results of these inquiries have come down to us, showing the extent of the depredations.

The mummies of the first three Ramses are at the Gizeh Museum, having been among those found in 1881 near Deir el-Bahri, W. of Thebes. CHARLES R. GILLETT.

Ramses, or Raamses: the name given in Ex. i. 11 to one of the "store-cities" built by the Israelites for the Pharaoh of the Oppression, who usually has been identified with the great Ramses II. of the nineteenth dynasty. Its location is unknown, but it was probably a frontier town like PITHOм (q. v.). By some it is supposed to have been located in the Wadi Tumilat, W. of Pithom, while others identify it with Tanis, which in some inscriptions bears the name Pi-Ramses, dwelling or house of Ramses. C. R. G.

Ramsgate: town; in the county of Kent, England; on the southeast coast of the Isle of Thanet; 72 miles E. by S. of London (see map of England, ref. 12-L). It is an important fishing-station, with a harbor of refuge 51 acres in extent inclosed between two piers. Among its features are an iron promenade-pier, a beautiful Roman Catholic church designed by Pugin, a Benedictine monastery, and a Jewish college. It is much frequented as a watering-place by Londoners. Pop. (1891) 24,676.

Ramus, PETRUS (Fr. Pierre de la Ramée): humanist and mathematician; b. at Cuth, department of Somme, France, in 1515, in humble circumstances; studied under great difficulties at the University of Paris, and published in 1543 his Animadversionum in Dialecticam Aristotelis Libri XX. and Institutionum Dialecticarum Libri III., in which he attacked Aristotle and the scholastic method of philosophizing with great boldness. The university, the Church, the Parliament, took great offense; the books were condemned, and the author forbidden to teach. By the favor of the king he was nevertheless afterward appointed at the university, and continued till his death his opposition against the empty subtleties of the philosophy of his time. Among other works were Geometria (1569) and Schole Mathematica (1569). In 1561 he embraced Protestantism,