middle of the hill (663 feet in height) close behind Mitford bearing N. 43° W. (N. 45° W. mag.) leads through the middle of the middle channel, and midway between the palm beacons on the fringing reefs should they exist; when inside the islands steer for the end of the pier. The other entrances are not recommended.

SOUTHEAST PART OF BANGUEY.-About mile eastward of Lampassan a point extends from Banguey toward the channel, forming one side of an inlet choked by reefs, the other side being a peninsula forming the southeast end of Banguey. A short distance off the point, on the reef extending from it, lie two islets, and from these a number of rocks, almost connected, extend in a south by west direction nearly 1 miles. The southeast extremity of Banguey is bordered by reef, and off the mouth of the inlet just mentioned lie two large patches, the outermost being 1 mile from the shore reef.

Carrington Reefs, situated 23 miles southeastward from the east end of Lampassan, are composed of coral, for the most part dry at low water. They extend 4 miles in an east and west direction and are 1 mile in width: at 800 yards from the north side of these reefs there is a detached patch of 2 fathoms. Between this shoal and the dangers extending from the Banguey shore is a channel mile wide, but which, as a matter of ordinary navigation, no vessel would require to use. It is, however, practically available for small steamers, which may afterwards round the Carrington Reefs and return into Banguey South Channel; or they may proceed into the Sulu Sea, either by the narrow and intricate passage between the shore reefs and those surrounding Bankawan and Latoan or by Bankawan Channel, a broader and much less intricate passage, separating the Bankawan and Southeast Banguey Dangers.

The main channel, however, lies between the Carrington Reefs and those off the north part of Mallawalle Island, and this channel only should be used by strangers, taking care not to near the former dangers under a depth of 13 to 15 fathoms; the apex of Pagassan bearing N. 81° W. (N. 83° W. mag.) leads close southward, and the east end of Lampassan N. 12° W. (N. 14° W. mag.) leads westward.

Southeast Banguey Dangers comprise an extensive group of reefs and shoals 10 miles in length in an east by north and opposite direction. and nearly 5 miles in width, situated about 1 miles eastward of Carrington Reefs. The west end of the group is defined by two small isolated reefs, dry at low water and steep-to; a good lookout is essential when nearing them, and the same precaution will have to be observed when passing through the channel, as the reefs forming the southern edge of these dangers are all steep-to. A space about 2 miles in extent, at the eastern part of Southeast Banguey Dangers, is studded by a num

CARRINGTON REEFS-OUTER SHOAL.

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ber of coral patches with from 1 to 5 fathoms water, and from the outer or eastern one the summit of Latoan Island bears N. 61° W. (N. 63° W. mag.), distant 9 miles.

Bankawan Channel, separating Bankawan Reefs from Southeast Banguey Dangers, is a mile wide at its narrowest part. The channel is nearly straight, and lies in a N. 55° E. and S. 55° W. (N. 53° E. and S. 53° W. mag.) direction, but it will be necessary to keep a good lookout for reefs on either side; with proper precaution there will be no difficulty in taking a vessel through in safety.

BANGUEY SOUTH CHANNEL, leading from the China into the Sulu Sea, is somewhat intricate and requires careful navigation, being for the greater part of its length bordered by dangers, and with others near the fairway. The western entrance, about 1 miles wide, lies between Outer Shoal and Molleangan Islands, offlying the coasts of Borneo and Banguey, respectively. The southern limits of the channel are formed by the Northwest and North Borneo Dangers, South Channel Dangers, the reefs off the northern part of Mallawalle, Mallawalle Eastern Dangers, and Fairway Shoal. The northern limits by the islands which lie close-to, and appear to be part of the southern shore of Banguey, Carrington Reefs, and Southeast Banguey Dangers.

ISLANDS AND DANGERS ON THE NORTH COAST OF BORNEO.— Lying off the northwest and north coast of Borneo are a number of coral shoals, generally of small extent, some partially dry at low water, whilst others dry entirely, and two are marked by sand cays, which shine brightly in the sunlight. Those dangers only will be described which limit the channels proper for vessels to proceed by; to mention the others in detail would tend rather to confuse navigators, who can have no inducement to risk the safety of their vessels by venturing among them. Outer Shoal, the largest of these dangers, forms the southwest limit of Banguey South Channel; it is about 1 mile in extent and steep-to, with about 6 feet of water, and a patch which dries on its eastern side.

From its northwest end the summit of Little Molleangan bears N. 36° E. (N. 34° E. mag.) and is distant 2 miles.

A sand cay, on the east side of a coral ledge nearly awash and steep-to, lies S. 77° E. (S. 79° E. mag.) 24 miles from the northeast extremity of Outer Shoal.

Nearly midway between Outer Shoal and this sand cay is a small coral. patch with 6 feet of water and a depth of 15 fathoms around.

Another sand cay, in the center of a coral ledge, lies 1 mile eastward of the former. These cays are useful as marking the limits of the channel on the Borneo side, and being composed of white coral sand, are conspicuous.

C. and G. S. charts Nos. 4309, 4720.

Nearly 3 miles east-northeastward of the eastern sand cay is a 2-fathom patch, with two ledges which dry a short distance southward; from this shoal, which is the most northerly of the North Borneo dangers, the summit of Patanunam bears N. 30° W. (N. 32° W. mag.), distant nearly 4 miles.

About 13 miles S. 85° E. (S. 87° E. mag.) from the 2-fathom shoal is the outer of two coral ledges lying close together, with Patanunam summit bearing N. 46° W. (N. 48° W. mag.), distant 5 miles. A 3-fathom patch lies 600 yards east-southeastward and a ledge of rocks distant a little over 1 miles in the same direction from these dangers; the latter is within mile of the reef fronting the Borneo shore to a distance of about 2 miles.

Dangers in the fairway.-Petrel Rock is a narrow ridge of coral about 40 yards in extent, with 14 feet of water and a depth of 12 fathoms close around. It lies with the southern extremity of Molleangan Island bearing N. 82° W. (N. 84° W. mag.), distant about 3 miles.

A patch of 5 fathoms lies about mile eastward of Petrel Rock, with the southern extremity of Molleangan Island bearing N. 87° W. (N. 89° W. mag.), and the 663-foot hill at Mitford N. 12° W. (N. 14° W. mag.).

Ten-foot Rock, the westernmost of the dangers in the fairway, is a coral head 70 yards in length, with a least depth of 10 feet, and 17 fathoms close around; it lies with Petrel Rock bearing N. 33° E. (N. 31° E. mag.), distant about 1,400 yards. As other dangers may exist here, the utmost caution should be used when navigating in this vicinity.

South Channel dangers comprise six coral reefs lying in the fairway eastward of Petrel Rock, with irregular depths between. Three of these reefs lie in an east and west direction, about mile apart; the two westernmost dry at low water; the other is a strip of coral nearly mile in length, with a rock nearly awash at its eastern end. A 24-fathom patch lies S. 15° E. (S. 17° E. mag.) 1,200 yards, and another N. 58° E. (N. 56° E. mag.) 13 miles from the rock nearly awash. Between the different dangers are passages which it is possible for vessels to pass through, but as this would serve no useful purpose it is advisable to consider these shoals as a dangerous group.

Clearing marks.-The apex of Molleangan Island S. 81° W. (S. 79° W. mag.) leads northward of South Channel dangers; the same object N. 85° W. (N. 87° W. mag.) leads southward and about 600 yards northward of Petrel Rock.

Directions for Banguey South Channel.-Attention to these directions must be supplemented by a vigilant and careful lookout from aloft.

The

PETREL ROCK-MARUDU BAY.

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best time for proceeding through from westward is with the sun astern, when there is seldom much difficulty in making out the various dangers. as the vessel advances. Balabac Main Channel is, however, considered a much safer route.

Entering from westward, bring Molleangan Islands to bear about S. 88° E. (East mag.) and steer for them; when about 5 miles from the reef encircling them, edge southeastward, opening the summit of the larger island southward of the smaller one. Then steer to pass about

mile southward of the latter, observing that the whole of Patanunam Island should not be opened eastward of Molleangan Island until the summit of Little Molleangan Island bears N. 25° E. (N. 23° E. mag.), which will lead clear of Outer Shoal. Having passed Little Molleangan, steer more northeastward, keeping within 1 mile of Molleangan and Patanunam.

Having passed those islands, bring the peak of Patanunam to bear S. 85° W. (S. 83° W. mag.) and steer N. 85° E. (N. 83° E. mag.) through the fairway between the South Channel Dangers and the rock off the south end of Pagassan until the sand cay off the, north side of Mallawalle is abeam, distant about 1 mile, when a S. 71° E. (S. 73° E. mag.) course will lead clear of the dangers off the northern side of Mallawalle. When the sand cay off the eastern extremity of that island bears S. 2° W. (South mag.), distant 2 miles, steer N. 70° E. (N. 68° E. mag.), which course being preserved will lead 1 mile northward of Fairway Shoal into the Sulu Sea. Bearings of Straggler Islet will check the position of the vessel while westward of Fairway Shoal.

North coast of Borneo.-Inaruntang Point, situated about 6 miles southeastward of the southern point of Banguey Island, is the most northern point of Borneo in this vicinity. It is fringed with reefs, as is also the shore from here to Cape Mafsie, to a distance of nearly 1 mile.

Cape Mafsie, about 7 miles southwestward of Inaruntang Point, forms the eastern entrance to Marudu Bay; it has white cliffs and there is a rock 15 feet high off it.

Marudu Bay, between Cape Mafsie and Sampanmangio Points, is about 18 miles wide at the entrance and extends about 23 miles southward. The depths at the entrance are 13 to 19 fathoms, decreasing gradually toward the head of the bay, which is shallow to the distance of about 2 miles. The eastern shore is apparently foul to the same distance. Kudat Harbor lies on the western side of the bay and Marudu River and village are at the head. Anchorage may be had off Marudu River in 7 fathoms with Woody Island bearing N. 57° W. (N. 59° W. mag.) and Pirate Point N. 2° E. (North mag.).

43897-14

C. and G. S. charts Nos. 4309, 4720.

Tides. It is high water, full and change, in Marudu Bay at 10h 30m; springs rise 6 to 8 feet.

Coast.-About 4 miles southward of Cape Mafsie the coast recedes eastward for about 1 mile and forms a shallow bay 3 miles wide, into which the Binkoka River discharges; the north point of the bay is composed of red cliffs about 20 feet high, off which there is foul ground extending to mile or more. There is a bank, which dries, extending a good mile off the north point of entrance to the Binkoka River with depths of less than 3 fathoms as far as 3 miles from the entrance, with anchorage in 5 to 10 fathoms beyond that distance. There is apparently about 3 feet on the bar at low water, which breaks, and 12 to 18 feet in the channel inside.

Talaga Village is situated on the north bank of Binkoka River about 1 mile within the entrance.

The coast southward of the river is low with high trees on it.

Selimpadan. There is said to be a well-sheltered, deep-water harbor at Selimpadan or Selimpodor, about 12 miles southwestward of Binkoka River, with an excellent supply of fresh water and a good site for a town; it has not been surveyed.

KUDAT HARBOR, situated on the western shore of Marudu Bay, affords anchorage in 4 to 7 fathoms, sheltered from the swell during the northeast monsoon by a reef which projects about mile from the northern entrance point.

Sandilands Rock, with 6 feet of water, and lying in the middle of the entrance, is about 150 yards in length east and west and 50 yards in breadth.

Lights. There is a red and white fixed light, visible about 2 miles, exhibited from a pile beacon erected on Sandilands Rock. It shows white from N. 18° W. through west to S. 80° W. and also from N. 71° E. through north to N. 11° W.; red from S. 51° E. to S. 81° E. and also from S. 39° W. to S. 23° W.; obscured in other directions. A red fixed light is exhibited from the wharf.

Witti Rock, with less than 6 feet water, lies N. 10° E. (N. 8° E. mag.) 400 yards from Sandilands Rock, with a patch of 7 feet 100 yards southeastward of it on the same bank.

Gueritz Rock, with about 3 feet of water, lies S. 29° E. (S. 31° E. mag.) 700 yards from the harbor wharf, and is marked by stakes. It forms the southern extremity of the bank which stretches off nearly mile between Bornugus and Second Points. A patch of 2 fathoms lies about 200 yards off the eastern edge of this bank.