prepare a concrete program to render closer and more effective the relationship between the Government and the people of the United States and their neighbors in the 20 republics to the south.

(b) Three subcommittees of the Interdepartmental Committee: (1) Subcommittee on Motion Pictures which is under the chairmanship of the Chief of the Division of Cultural Relations; (2) Subcommittee on Radio which is under the chairmanship of the Chief of the Division of Cultural Relations; and (3) Subcommittee on Translation and Publications, which is under the chairmanship of the Chief of the Central Translating Office; the Division being represented on it by the Chief and the Assistant Chief.

(c) Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs: The Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, often referred to unofficially as the Nelson Rockefeller Committee, was created for the purpose indicated in its title. The Coordinator's Office and the Division of Cultural Relations of the Department of State consult daily in order to assure the fullest synchronization of effort. In order to provide more effective orientation and administration for the cultural relations program, determination of policy with regard to it is the joint function of the Department and the Office of the Coordinator working in close collaboration and with the assistance of such private agencies as may be deemed desirable. The Department of State has the major responsibility for the execution of policy with regard to activities carried out in greater part in the foreign field; and the Office of the Coordinator has the major responsibility, for the emergency program, for the execution of policy with regard to activities carried out mainly in the United States.

(d) Joint Committee on Cultural Relations: The Joint Committee on Cultural Relations is of leading importance in the administrative work of the Department's Division of Cultural Relations. This is an executive committee of three, composed of one representative of the Department of State, one representative of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and one representative of the nongovernmental agencies. This committee, subject to the approval of the Department and the Office of the Coordinator, determines through continuing consultation the basic policy to be followed with regard to cultural relations, and the division of functions and allocation of projects and accompanying grants from the Coordinator's funds, to the Department of State, the Office of the Coordinator, other Government agencies, and private organizations. The committee meets weekly and by this frequent interchange of views it is possible to arrive at a general consensus of opinion among both the governmental and the nongovernmental agencies most directly concerned with the execution of the cultural relations projects.

(e) Joint Committee on Communications of the Department of State and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs: The Department and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs have a Joint Committee on Communications on which one of the Department's representatives is an assistant chief of the Division of Cultural Relations.

(f) Policy Committee of the Department of State and Colonel Donovan's Office of the Coordinator of Information: The policy committee contains representatives of the State Department and the Office of the Coordinator of Information. An Assistant Chief of the Division of Cultural Relations acts as one of the Department's representatives on this committee.

(g) Committee of the Department of State, the Coordinator of Motion Pictures, and other Government agencies concerned with motion pictures: Problems and activities in connection with motion pictures are so varied and so numerous that a special committee has been set up which includes representatives of the Coordinator's Office and the different departments of the Government concerned with motion pictures. An Assistant Chief of the Division acts for the Department on this committee.

(h) The Interdivisional Committee of the Department of State on Motion Pictures: There is also an Interdivisional Committee of the Department of State on Motion Pictures which advises on the Department's motion-picture program. The chairman of this committee is the representative of the Division of Cultural Relations.

(i) Private inter-American agencies: The various types of Pan American organizations constitute one of the best means of contact which the Department has with the public of the United States, in its program of cultural relations. A survey of these societies was conducted and information about them incorporated in the Preliminary Survey of Inter-American Cultural Activities in the United States in September 1939. Since that time the constantly expanding

interest in friendly interchange between the American republics has resulted in a great increase in the number and scope of these Pan American groups, which range all the way from clubs in high schools to highly organized institutions in our metropolitan centers.

A resurvey of these organizations is now being conducted in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. The possession of complete and up-todate information about all Pan American societies in the United States will be of tremendous assistance to the Department in providing an outlet for information received from the other American republics, in stimulating an interest in our relations with them, and in assisting in the hospitality to be shown to visitors therefrom.

With proper assistance and guidance these Pan American societies can become very helpful repositories of all types of information about our neighboring republics as well as providing sponsorship for lectures, concerts, and artistic exhibitions that will be a great aid in educating the American public in this particular field.

(j) Division of Cultural Relations and its direct services: (1) The Department's contacts with educational institutions: The Department of State has continued to maintain wholehearted cooperation with educational institutions and organizations in carrying out the program of cultural relations, as is obvious from various preceding sections of this report.

(1) Scholarships and fellowships: It will be recalled from the report for 1940-41 that the movement for greater scholarship opportunities was reflected in the increased number of such student aids handled by the Institute of International Education, from 58 in the 1939-40 academic year to 83 in the 1940-41 academic year. Later events proved this to be only a beginning as the institute was enabled, through the generous cooperation of universities and colleges of the United States, to award approximately 180 scholarships and fellowships during the present academic year. The total number of students from the other American republics enrolled in our colleges and universities has increased from 1,421 in the 1940-41 academic year to about 1,750 in the present academic year. Many of these scholarships include tuition and living accommodations; in some cases the funds for living accommodations have been provided by public-spirited groups such as women's clubs and fraternities and steamship and air-line agencies. The Institute of International Education has been enabled, through a grant from the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, to supplement a number of tuition scholarships with so-called maintenance grants. The provision of the student travel grants mentioned above has made it possible to award a number of full scholarships (tuition, living accommodations, and travel) to the most deserving individuals, including many students of high mental attainments but modest circumstances; and has thus furnished an outstanding example of the cooperation of Government and private initiative in the achievement of a common purpose.

(ii) Spanish and Portuguese courses: A continuing increase in registrations for Spanish and Portuguese courses in our high schools and colleges has been encouraged. A recent survey showed that it is now possible to obtain instruction in Portuguese in more than 80 institutions in the United States.

(iii) Institutes and programs: Institutes and special programs, as reported to the General Advisory Committee, which have featured studies of the political, economic, and cultural aspects of our foreign policy in relation with the other American republics were held in many universities and colleges during the past year with the participation of the Department. The topics discussed at these meetings reveal that the American public in general is more and more aware of the problems and possibilities of inter-American relations.

(iv) Vacation schools: The Department has maintained active interest in the various projects developed for special courses in this country for students from the other American republics who are able to take advantage of this opportunity during their vacation period. The General Advisory Committee of the Department in the field of cultural relations recommended that matters relating to these vacation sessions be coordinated in order to avoid overlapping and duplication of effort and to facilitate the allocation of such funds as might be available through Government sources. The Department has collaborated in the formulation of programs of study for these vacation schools at the University of North Carolina, Columbia University, and the University of Pennsylvania; and has participated in a number of the activities, both in Washington and in the universities themselves, that have been worked out on behalf of the students in attendance. It is fitting to make acknowledgment here of the contribution made by the steamship and air lines for the practical help which they have given these vacation schools by offering considerable discounts to persons attending them.

(2) Cooperation with the professions: The previous report of January 1941 mentioned the development of assistance by the Department, through the Division of Cultural Relations, to professional and scientific organizations interested in promoting closer relations with similar organizations in the other American republics. This work has been continued with the Department serving in an advisory capacity to the societies and associations that have come to it for counsel in connection with their inter-American relations.

Professional and scientific relations represent a distinct factor in international relations and are a field in which private international cooperation is relatively easy to achieve. The disruption of communications between the United States and Europe, the inauguration and development of the good neighbor policy, and the inability of scientists in the other American republics to maintain satisfactory contacts with Europe as a result of the war, have turned the eyes of members of the scientific and professional societies in the United States toward scientific developments in the other American republics, and have caused the members of the professions in those countries to look to the United States for mutual interchange and, in some fields, actual leadership.

There has been growing recognition among our own scientists of the need of giving their work the broad cultural approach in which scientists of the other American republics are so skilled. At the same time, scientists and members of the professions in the other American republics have become increasingly aware of what might be called the American method and the American scientific spirit. There is keen appreciation of the attitude of mind in which United States scientists approach their work, an attitude which is identified with the general American qualities of intense scientific concentration, case work, practicability, idealism, and tolerance. It is not too much to say that the scientific leaders of the hemisphere by and large have revealed a recognition of the outstanding role they have to play in the unification of the hemisphere through the scientific approach to problems.

It is hoped that the Department not only can continue to advise professional societies and organizations regarding methods of achieving closer relations with their colleagues in other countries, especially the other American republics, but also that it can be enabled to assist in bringing cooperation to the highest plane through the stimulation of inter-American cooperation in all fields of scientific activity.

It is, of course, difficult to define exactly the role of the Department in the various encouraging developments which have taken place in respect to interAmerican scientific and professional relations during recent years. A generalization can be made to the effect that the good neighbor policy has been a direct stimulus to these relations. In some instances, Government policy has, therefore, sufficed. In other cases, the will was present, but the organizations concerned lacked the basic information. In still other cases, the Department was able to serve as a coordinating agency for isolated activities in separate parts of the country in order to give the movement national scope.

Developments of great interest and promise during the past year have been the founding of the Inter-American Hospital Association and the establishment by the American Dental Association of a Committee on Pan American Relations to coordinate all the inter-American activities of the dental profession in the United States. Other previously established organizations such as the Inter-American Bar Association, the Pan American Congress of Ophthalmology, the InterAmerican Statistical Institute, the Pan American Homeopathic Medical Congress, the Inter-American Society of Microbiology, and the American Society of Agricultural Sciences have moved forward in accordance with their standing policies. The great medical societies of the United States continued their active interest in promoting closer relations with colleagues in the other American republics. Particular mention should also be made of the prominent role played by the Pan American Sanitary Bureau in the field of public health, and in this connection to recall the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Atlantic City in October 1941, at which representatives of the public-health departments of most of the other American republics were present.

Inter-American relations among psychologists were given a basis on which to move forward through the publication in the Psychological Bulletin for October 1941, of an article by Dr. J. G. Beebe-Center and Dr. Ross A. McFarland of Harvard University on Psychology in South America.

(3) Direct informational services of the Division: The direct informational services of the Division include the preparation of pamphlets on different phases of the work, and of press releases for the Division of Current Information, as well

as of items for the Department of State Bulletin and other publications; and extensive correspondence, both domestic and foreign. The Department supplies information on the travel-grant visitors and their itineraries, and on other relevant activities of the Division of Cultural Relations. Essential contacts with the general public through the press include also the writing of special articles for magazines and newspapers; and the supplying of information to journalists who are themselves preparing articles on the subject.

In the mere matter of interviews across the desks in the Division, a great deal of time is involved. These are an essential feature of cultural relations, are as such most useful in furthering the work, and consume necessarily a considerable amount of office time.

The officers of the Division are often called upon to address universities and National, State, and municipal groups on the cultural relations program and are thereby enabled to reach and interest a public of immense potential helpfulness in forwarding the work. These public addresses are a direct method of presenting to important entities of public opinion in our own country the basic need of us all for mutual understanding and cooperation with other countries.

IV. CULTURAL RELATIONS IN THE FUTURE

The nations united against the Axis face a long pull together, both during this war and after. Only the strongest possible bonds will be adequate to assure that cooperation which is essential to victory and a stable peace. The nations of the partnership must have that mutual respect and trust which result from true confidence and understanding. To build that understanding is in considerable part the task of cultural relations.

The future contributions of the cultural relations program to the post-war world was eloquently suggested in the address of Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles at the Conference of Foreign Ministers in Rio de Janeiro on the 15th of January 1942.

"The ideals which men have cherished have always throughout the course of history proved themselves to be more potent than any other factor. Nor conquest, nor migrations; nor economic pressure, nor pestilence; nor revolt, nor assassinations have ever yet been able to triumph over the ideals which have sprung from men's hearts and men's minds.

***that great ideal of 'a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free' still stands untarnished as the supreme objective of a suffering humanity.

"That ideal will yet triumph.

"We, the free peoples of the Americas, must play our full part in its realization so that we may hasten the day when we can thus insure the maintenance of a peaceful world in which we, and our children, and our children's children, can safely live. ***

"When that time comes men of good will must be prepared and ready to build with vision afresh upon new and lasting foundations of liberty, of morality, of justice, and, by no means least perhaps, of intelligence."

APPENDIX A

LIST OF DISTINGUISHED VISITORS

[Observations of persons whose names are marked with an asterisk will be found in appendix B]

ARGENTINA

Dr. Mario J. Buschiazzo, a distinguished Argentine architect and a member of the Dirección General de Arquitectura and of the Comisión Nacional de Museos, Monumentos, y Lugares Históricos of that republic.

Enrique de Gandía, Argentine historian. He is author of some 50 historical works and monographs, and an active contributor to the Buenos Aires and foreign press.

Dr. Josué Gollán,* chemist and educator. Dr. Gollán has studied in Europe and has served as Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Universidad del Litoral in Santa Fe. He is at present time rector of the university. He is also the author of a number of works in the field of chemistry.

Dr. Enrique Martínez Paz,* distinguished Argentine historian, has taught for many years in the University of Córdoba, has served as Dean of the Faculty of Law, and has been a member of the Superior Court of Justice of the Province of Córdoba. Dr. Martínez is the author of numerous studies in the field of sociology, politics, and law.

Dr. Bernabé Rojo, a member of the Ministry of Education of Argentina, received a scholarship from that government to spend nine months in the United States in the study of education, with particular emphasis on rural schools. (After considerable time in New York and Washington, Dr. Rojo was granted travel facilities from New York to the Pacific Coast and return.)

Dr. José A. Saralegui is a doctor specializing in radiology and an associate professor in the School of Medical Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires. He has collaborated with various medical journals in Argentina and abroad and is a member of the Board of the Instituto Cultural Argentino Norteamericano.

BOLIVIA

Dr. Roberto Prudencio, Bolivian political leader and man of letters, is Professor of Economic Science and Philosophy at the University of San Andrés, at La Paz. He was recently elected a member of the Bolivian Chamber of Deputies.

Dr. Carlos Salamanca, Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of Cochabamba and a member of the Bolivian House of Deputies, is considered one of the ablest of Bolivia's younger lawyers.

BRAZIL

Dr. Jorge Americano,* Brazilian professor and lawyer, has recently been named Rector of the University of São Paulo.

Sergio Buarque de Hollanda* is an official of the Brazilian Ministry of Education and a distinguished writer. He is chief of the Publications Section of the Instituto do Livro of Rio de Janeiro, and one of the important younger writers of Brazil.

Dr. Pedro Calmon,* Brazilian lawyer, writer, and professor, he is a former deputy from the State of Bahia, editor of several newspapers and at present a practicing attorney in Rio de Janeiro. Dr. Calmon is the author of a large number of important historical studies of Brazil.

Dr. Luiz Jardim, artist, author and journalist, is an official of the Brazilian Ministry of Education.

Dr. A. C. Pacheco e Silva,* an eminent Brazilian psychiatrist and physician, is president of a number of cultural and scientific societies and a professor at the Medical School of the University of São Paulo.

Erico Verissimo,* scholar and novelist of Porto Alegre. Mr. Verissimo is distinguished as one of the most active literary men in Rio Grande do Sul, and has won a place of distinction in contemporary Brazilian letters. He is literary adviser to one of Brazil's most important publishing houses.

CHILE

Dr. Domingo Amunátegui y Solar is a distinguished lawyer and writer who has served in numerous capacities in the government of Chile. He has been Minister of Justice and Public Instruction and Minister of the Interior.

Carlos Humeres Soler, member of the Faculty of Fine Arts, and secretary of the National Conservatory of Music in Santiago, Chile. He is a music and art critic for the Santiago newspaper, El Mercurio, and has contributed frequently to both Chilean and foreign journals and reviews.

Eugenio Pereira Salas, Professor of American History in the Instituto Pedagógico, University of Chile. He is secretary of the Chile-United States Cultural Institute, has recently been elected Secretary of the Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografía and is a member of the Academia Chilena de Historia. In addition to his extensive studies in the field of Chilean relations with the United States he has published a valuable historical study of Chilean music.

Magdalena Petit, distinguished Chilean writer and musical authority, attracted wide attention with her historical novel "Diego Portales", noteworthy reconstruction of an important Chilean epoch and a psychological portrait of a Minister of State. Miss Petit has also contributed articles to various magazines, and at present is much engrossed in the theatre, having published several plays.

Domingo Santa Cruz Wilson,* musician and diplomat and dean of the school of fine arts of the University of Chile. He has held a number of posts in the