land across the Channel to the Continent for an average-sized passenger car, shipped uncrated as passenger's baggage, is approximately $25 each way. The exact amount is determined by the wheel base of the car.

Similar estimates are given by the Keystone Automobile Club.

In addition, these associations or clubs require a deposit of $50, which is refunded upon return of the carnet to the American Automobile Association, properly discharged. If the round trip transportation is not paid, the required deposit is $100. The balance of the charges for duty may be secured by a customs bond, which is canceled when the stubs are all returned showing the departure of the automobile from all of the countries covered by the carnet.

The customs bond is an agreement between the tourist and the surety corporations engaged by the touring organization which issues. the documents. If the tourist fails to export his car within the specified time or fails to secure a discharge from the customs of one country, the amount of the duty may be claimed from the touring organization by the foreign government involved. For example, the American Automobile Association collects the amount due from the National Surety Corporation, which, in turn, in accordance with the agreement signed by the tourist, can collect from the tourist the amount which they have paid on the claim-and similarly with any organization with which the tourist is affiliated.

LOCAL REGULATIONS

The local regulations for the operation of automobiles in the different countries (or even in different Provinces, cities, or Cantons of the same country) vary considerably. It is believed, however, that as a rule any standard-equipped American automobile will conform to the European requirements as to brakes, lights, signals, width, etc. To simplify tourists' difficulties, particularly of those persons handicapped by unfamiliarity with the language of the country in which they may be traveling, the local requirements for motorists are given in detail so far as practicable.

In certain of the much-traveled areas, the rule of the road is to the left, and right-hand drives are generally preferred by resident motorists. However, very few of the countries covered in this study definitely prohibit cars with specified drives. In Hong Kong, Aden, and Bombay, left-hand drives are prohibited unless the car is equipped with a mechanical direction indicator placed on the right side of the vehicle. In Trinidad and Tobago (not generally considered here) and in New Zealand, left-hand drives are prohibited, but special permits are given for tourist cars so equipped. Cars with left-hand drives are prohibited in Antigua, Ceylon, Gold Coast (except under special permit), British Guiana, and British Malaya; in New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia of the Australian States; in Burma; and in Calcutta, Punjab, and the United Provinces of Indian States. Several of these countries have been omitted from the special country surveys which follow later.

In the countries covered in this publication, the rule of the road is to the left only in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Azores, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Malta, and Sweden, of the European countries;

in the British areas in Africa; in British India and Ceylon, British Malaya, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong; in Newfoundland; in China, Japan, the Philippines, and the Netherlands Indies; in British East and Southeast Africa and Sudan; in Portuguese East Africa and the Union of South Africa; and in Argentina and Uruguay of the Latin American countries.

In several countries inspectors will demand that cars be provided with first-aid kits for use in case of accident. Tourists should therefore have such a kit as a part of their regular equipment.

Drivers of automobiles must be at least 18 years of age, except in the United Kingdom, where the permitted minimum is 17, and in the Netherlands, where drivers may be as young as 16. However, as already noted, the international driver's permit is not issued to drivers under 18 years of age.

INSURANCE REQUIRED

Many countries require motorists, whether foreign tourists or residents, to carry liability insurance sufficient to cover damage to property or injury to persons to which the owner of the automobile may be subject under the law. The tourist should attend to all matters of insurance before leaving the United States and should make certain that his insurance is placed with a company or companies that will be acceptable to the authorities of the various countres to be visited.

DOCUMENTS NOT AVAILABLE FOR BUSINESS CARS

As a general thing, tourist documents cannot be used for the entry of vehicles which are to be used for business purposes, or by persons having a permanent residence in the country, or subject to business taxes because of their status as local business men. In such cases, the car would be entered either absolutely and the duties paid, or in bond under permit for reexportation. The local taxes would then be paid. In France more leniency has recently been shown persons who are temporary residents of that country.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL

Many foreign countries have adopted regulations controlling all foreign-exchange transactions. Travelers entering those countries should be particularly careful to report all funds in their possession, including letters of credit, travelers' checks, or any other means of payment. Failure to report may subject the funds to seizure by the authorities of that country, and the traveler would have great difficulty in carrying any funds out of the country. Funds may be obtained for travel purposes in some countries at lower than the official rates. The tourist should consult the steamship agency beforehand, or foreign banks upon arrival.

FOREIGN CURRENCIES AND MEASURES

FOREIGN CURRENCIES

The tourist will save much time and avoid much misunderstanding if he familiarizes himself with the currencies and more usual weights and measures encountered in transactions in foreign countries, and the ability to calculate quickly in the foreign terms will often prove a real advantage.

The value of the coins or paper money of the countries covered in this pamphlet, in terms of United States money (April 21, 1938), is as follows:

Albania. Franc (100 centimes); value, 32.5 cents (approximate).
Algeria.-French franc; value, 3.13 cents.

Australia.-Australian pound, shilling, pence; value, $3.974, 19.825 cents, and 1.652 cents, respectively.

Austria.-German reichsmark.

Belgian Congo.-Same as Belgium.

Belgium.-Belgian franc (100 centimes); value, 3.37 cents (5 francs=1 belga). Brazil.-Milreis (1,000 reis); free market rate, 5.88 cents.

British India.-Rupee, annas, pie; value, 37.4653, 2.345, and 0.195 cents, respectively.

British Malaya.-Straits dollar (100 cents); value, 58.0312 cents.

Bulgaria.-Lev (plural, leva) (100 stotinki); value, 1.2525 cents.
Ceylon.-Rupee (100 cents); value, 37.46 cents.

Chile.-Peso; value, 5.168 cents.

China (Shanghai).—Yuan; value, 25,6562 cents.
Colombia.-Peso; value, 55.4 cents.

Cuba.-Peso; value, 99.9 cents.

Czechoslovakia.-Koruna; value, 3.4898 cents.

Denmark.-Krone; value, 22.165 cents.

Danzig.-Gulden (100 pfennigs); value same as Polish zloty.

Egypt.-Egyptian pound, £E. (100 piasters, or 1,000 milliemes); value, 1021⁄2 percent of the pound sterling, or $5.10.

Estonia.-Kroon (100 senti); value, 45.37 cents.

Finland.-Markka (plural markkaa), 100 pennia; value, 2.2015 cents.

France.-Franc (100 centimes); value 2.762 cents (July 28).

French colonies (except Indochina).—Same as France.

French Indochina.-Piaster; value, 10 French francs.

Germany.-Reichsmark (100 pfennigs); value, 40.2542 cents.

Gibraltar.-Pound sterling, shillings, pence; value, $4.965, 24.8 cents, and 2.07 cents, respectively.

Greece. Drachma (100 lepta); value, 0.9135 cent.

Hong Kong.-Hong Kong dollar (100 cents); value, 30.8937 cents.
Hungary.-Pengö (100 filler); value, 19.775 cents.

Iran.-Rial (100 dinars); value, 6.236 cents.

Ireland. Saorstat pound (£), shilling, and pence; value, same as pound sterling.

Iraq.-Dinar (1,000 fils); value, $4.98 (same as pound sterling).

Italy.-Lira (plural, lire-100 centisime); value, 5.26 cents.

Italian colonies.-Same as Italy.

Japan.-Yen (100 sen); value, 28.0622 cents.

Latvia.-Lat (100 santmi); pegged to sterling at 2,522 lats=£1.

Lithuania.-Lita (100 cents); value, 16.93 cents.

Mexico.-Mexican peso (100 centavos); value, 23.7157 cents.
Netherland colonies.-Same as Netherlands.

Netherlands.-Florin or guilder (100 cents); value, 55.6385 cents.
Newfoundland.-Dollar; value, 99.78 cents.

New Zealand.-New Zealand pound, shillings, and pence; value, $4.0056, 20 cents, and 1.66 cents, respectively.

Norway.-Krone (100 øre); value, 25.0675 cents.

Palestine.-Palestine pound (1,000 mils); value, $4.989 (same as pound ster

ling).

Peru.-Sol (100 centavos); value, 47.4 cents.

Poland.-Zloty (100 grosz); value, 18.8433 cents.

Portugal.-Escudo (100 centavos); value, 4.5083 cents.

Portuguese East Africa.-Colonial escudo, slightly under value of Portuguese escudo.

Rumania.-Leu (plural, lei, 100 bani); value, 0.7342 cents.

Spain.-Peseta (100 centimos); value, 5.75 cents.

Sweden. Krona (100 öre); value, 25.7118 cents.

Switzerland.-Swiss franc (100 centimes); value, 22.9964 cents.
Syria.-Syrian pound (100 piasters); value, 62.61 cents.

Turkey. Turkish pound (100 piasters); value, 80 cents.

Union of South Africa.-South African pound, shilling, and pence; value, $4.9388, 24.76 cents, and 2.06 cents, respectively.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.-Chervonets (plural chervontsy), 100 rubles; ruble (100 kopeks); value, 20 cents.

United Kingdom.-Pound sterling, shilling, pence; value, $4.98, 24.9 cents, and 2.075 cents, respectively.

Uruguay.-Uruguayan peso (100 centesimos): value, 65.68 cents.
Venezuela.-Bolivar (100 céntimos); value, 31.50 cents.
Yugoslavia.-Dinar (100 paras); value, 2.332 cents.

UNITS OF WEIGHT AND MEASURE

The units of weight and measure usually encountered on travel in the more important countries of Europe and the Mediterranean and Latin America are as follows:

Weight. Kilogram (kilo), 2.2046 pounds; gram, 0.03527 avoirdupois ounce; oka, 2.82 pounds.

Length.-Meter, 39.37 inches, or 3.28 feet.
Distance.-Kilometer, 0.6 mile.

Capacity.-Liter, 0.26 gallon, or 1.05 quarts; dekaliter (10 liters), 2.64 gallons; hectoliter (100 liters), 26.417 gallons. The imperial gallon (in use in Ireland and the United Kingdom and in British Dominions and colonies) is equal to 1.2 United States gallons.

In the Orient, the metric units are frequently used officially, while in the bazaars and shops strictly local units are encountered. These units are so varied and sometimes so divergent, even in different parts of one country, that it is impossible for lack of space to list the oriental weights and measures. For instance, the picul (100 catties) is 136 pounds in Netherlands Indies, 1333 pounds in China, Hong Kong, and Indochina, 135.635 pounds in Borneo, 139.482 pounds in the Philippines, 132.277 pounds in Japan, and 142.628 pounds in British Malaya; the maund (40 seers) is 28 pounds in Aden and in Bombay, India, but is 25 pounds in Madras, and a factory maund is 74.668 pounds in India, generally, with a standard maund of 82.285 pounds. Similarly, the oka (or oke) is both a weight and a measure in common use in the Levant, but with somewhat different equivalents in different countries.

FOREIGN TOURING CLUBS

The following touring organizations are known to be officially recognized by their governments as responsible to the customs authorities for payment of duties due on delinquent tourist motor vehicles

African French colonies.-Touring Club de France.

Albania.-Klubi Turistik dhe Automobitistik mbretnor (Tirone).
Algeria.-Touring Club de France.

Argentina.-Automovil Club Argentino.

Belgium.-Touring Club de Belgique and the Royal Automobile Club de

Belgique.

Brazil.-Automovel Club do Brazil.

British India and Burma.-Western India Automobile Association.
Bulgaria.-Automobile et Touring Club de Bulgarie.
Ceylon.-Automobile Association of Ceylon.

Congo Belge and Ruanda-Urundi.—Touring Club du Congo Belge.
Cyrenaica.-Touring Club Italiano.

Czechoslovakia.-Autoklub Republiky Ceskoslovenske and Liga-Motoristu―

C. S. Touring Club.

Denmark.-Kongl. Dansk Automobil Klub and Forenede Danske Motorajere. Egypt.-Royal Automobile Club d'Egypt.

Eritrea.-Touring Club Italiano.

Finland.-Suomi Touring Club and Finlands Automobil Klubb.

France.-Touring Club de France and Automobile Club de France.

Germany.-Der Deutsche Automobil Club (Munchen) and Der Deutsche Automobil Club (Berlin).

Greece. Automobile et Touring Club de Grêce.

Hungary.-Magyar Touring Club and Kiralyi Magyar Automobil Club.
Iraq.-Iraq Automobile Association.

Ireland. The Automobile Association and The Royal Irish Automobile Club.
Italy.-Consociazione Turistica Italiana and Royal Automobile Club of Italy.
Latvia.-Latvijas Republikas Auto Klubs and Latvijas Automobilu un Aero

Klubs.

Lithuania.-Lietuvos Automobilu Klubas.

Luxemburg. Le Nouvel Automobile Club du Luxembourg and Touring Club Luxembourgeois.

Morocco.-Automobil Club Marocain.

Netherlands Indies.-Koninklijke Nedulondsch-Indische Motor Club and Java Motor Club.

Netherlands.-Koninklijke Nederlandsche Toeristenbond A. N. W. B. and Koninklyke Nederlandsche Automobile Club.

Norway.-Norges Automobil-Forbund and Kongelig Norsk Automobilklub. Palestine and Transjordan.-Automobile Club and Touring Association of Palestine (Jerusalem).

Peru.-Touring y Automovil Club del Peru.
Poland.-Polski Touring Club.

Portugal.-Automovel Touring Club de Portugal.

Protectorate of Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland.-Automobile Association of South Africa.

Rhodesia, North and South.-Automobile Association of Rhodesia.

Rumania.-Automovil Club Regal Roman and Touring Club Roumain.
South West Africa.-Automobile Association of South Africa.

Spain.-Automobil Club de Españo.

Sweden. Kungliga Automobil Klubben and Motormannens Riksforbund. Switzerland.-Touring Club Suisse and Automobile Club de Suisse.

Tripolitania.-Automobile Club de Tripoli.

Tunisia.-Automobile Club de Tunisie.

Turkey.-Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey.

Uruguay.-Automovil Club del Uruguay.

Union of South Africa.-Automobile Association of South Africa and Royal Automobile Club of South Africa.

United Kingdom.-Automobile Association, London, and the Royal Automobile Club.

Yugoslavia.-Yugoslovenski Turing Klub and Automobile Club du Royaume

de Yougoslavia.

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