a dedication to Queen Caroline, in which he affectingly expatiated on his soulless state. His friends suppressed this melancholy proof of his singular insanity; but | it is preserved in the Adventurer. He died in 1732. He is the author of hymns, sermons, and various controversial and theological pieces. BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS, a native of Burton upon Trent, was born in 1706, studied at Westminster, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn; was called to the bar; and became M. P. for Wenlock. Though a man of infinite wit, he was mute in parliament. He is the author of an excellent Latin poem, on the Immortality of the Soul, which has been more than once translated; and also of Poems. Of his minor poems, the Pipe of Tobacco, in which he admirably imitates six poets of that period, is the best known, and is BROWNE, Sir WILLIAM, a physician, an eccentric but amiable character, was born in 1692, studied at Cambridge, and settled at Lynn, whence he removed to London, where he died in 1774. In dress, style, and manners, he was a complete | deservedly popular. He died in 1766. oddity; a circumstance which exposed | BROWNE, PATRICK, a botanist and him to the shafts of satire. He had, how- physician, was born at Crossboyne, in ever, the good sense and dignity of mind Ireland, in 1720, and studied physic at to smile at such attacks. At Lynn, he Paris and Leyden. He then went to the nailed to his house door a pamphlet which West Indies, which he had visited in his was written against him; and when Foote youth, and finally took up his abode at caricatured him, in the Devil on Two Jamaica. Returning at length to Ireland, Sticks, Browne sent him a note, praising | he died in 1720, at Rusbrook, in the county the accuracy of the mimic's personation, of Mayo. His chief work is the Civil and and sending him his own muff, to complete Natural History of Jamaica. the picture. Browne left three gold medals to be yearly given to Cambridge under-glish traveller, a man of fortune, who graduates, for Greek and Latin compositions; and founded a scholarship at Peterhouse, where he was educated. He translated Gregory's Elements of Diop- | trics; and collected, under the title of Opuscula, his own light pieces. | | | BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE, an En penetrated into the interior of Africa, and was the first who gave an account of the African kingdoms of Darfur and Bornou. His Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Assyria, from 1792 to 1798, were published in 1799. About the year 1814 he was murdered, in Persia, while on his way to explore the regions south of the Caspian. BROWNE, GEORGE, Count de, an Irish catholic, born in 1698, entered into the Russian service. He saved the Empress BRUCE, ROBERT, the deliverer of ScotAnna Ivanovna from the conspiracy of the land from the English yoke, was a deguards, and served with distinction under scendant, by the female side, from David, Lascy, Munich, and Keith. On the banks | brother of William J. Like his father, of the Volga he stopped with only three who was a competitor for the crown with thousand men the whole Turkish army. Baliol, he at first fought under the English He was, however, taken prisoner by the banners. He, however, at length, asserted Turks and sold as a slave, but escaped. his right to the sovereignty, and was In the seven years war, he distinguished | crowned at Scone, in 1306. After many himself at the battles of Prague, Kollin, reverses, he totally defeated Edward II., Jaegendorf, and Zorndorff. His services in 1314, at Bannockburn, and thus estab were rewarded with the government of lished himself firmly on the throne. He Livonia. After having held it thirty years, died in 1329. Tradition says that, after he wished to retire, but Catherine II. one of the defeats which he sustained at replied, “ death alone shall part us. the outset of his career, when Bruce was died in 1792. hiding from his enemies, and almost dis posed to relinquish his enterprise in despair, he was animated to perseverance by the example of a spider, which he saw foiled in nine attempts to reach a certain point, but which persisted, and succeeded in the tenth. He | BROWNE, MOSES, a divine and poet, was born in 1703, and was originally a pencutter; but, through the interest of Harvey, he obtained orders, and the living of Olney, in Buckinghamshire. He died in 1787, at Morden College, of which he was chaplain. He is the author of several BRUCE, JAMES, a celebrated traveller, works, the principal of which are Piscatory | was born in 1730, at Kinnaird House, in Eclogues; and Sunday Thoughts. Browne Stirlingshire. He was educated at Harrow was a great lover of angling, and published and Edinburgh. After having been, for a an edition of Walton's Angler. short time, in the wine trade, he relin BRUGNATELLI, LOUIS, a chemist and physician, was born at Pavia, in 1761, was medical and chemical professor in that university, and died in 1818. Science is indebted to him for numerous experiments, and also for discoveries with respect to the gastric juice and to combustion. He is the author of Elements of Chemistry; and was the editor of several scientific journals. ས quished it, and, in 1763, was appointed | parte to Egypt. He was killed at the battle consul at Algiers. While holding this of the Nile, in 1798. When mortally office, he explored a part of Northern wounded, he refused to go below. "A Africa, proceeded to Cyprus, Syria, and French admiral," said he, " ought to die Asia Minor, and made drawings of Pal-on his quarter deck." myra and Balbeck. In 1768, he began his famous expedition to Abyssinia, to discover the sources of the Nile, and he reached the Abyssinian capital in February, 1770, where he soon acquired considerable influence at court, by his manners, courage, multifarious knowledge, and personal appearance. That he reached what some have considered as the source of the Nile is certain; but it is at least doubtful whether the springs which he visited form the real head of the Nile. He did not return to his native country till 1778, and the narrative of his Travels did not appear till 1790, when it came forth in four quarto volumes. That narrative excited infinite criticism and cavil, and has, in fact, been treated with disgraceful illiberality. Bruce was killed by a fall down stairs, in April, 1794. BRUCE, MICHAEL, a poet, born at Kinneswood, in Scotland, in 1746, was a village schoolmaster, and died at the early age of twenty-one, after having long contended with poverty and sickness. His poems have much merit. One of them, on his approaching end, is truly pathetic. BRUCKER, JOHN JAMES, a learned Lutheran clergyman, was born at Augsburg, in 1696, and died minister of Saint Ulric's, in his native city, in 1770. Of his works, the most valuable and the best known is the History of Philosophy, in 6 vols. 4to., of which Dr. Enfield published an English abridgment. Brucker was nearly fifty years employed on it; and it displays a degree of erudition, judgment, and impartiality, which is highly honourable to its author. serted. BRUEYS, FRANCIS PAUL, a French naval officer, born about 1750, became an admiral during the revolution, and was entrusted with the command of the squadron which conveyed the army of Bona BRUMOY, PETER, a jesuit and author, was born at Rouen, in 1688; distinguished himself as a theologian, critic, and teacher of mathematics; and died in 1742. He continued the History of the Gallican Church, and produced other works; but his reputation chiefly rests on his Greek Theatre, in 3 vols. 4to. His Latin Poems, especially those on the Passions and on Glass Making, are much above mediocrity. BRUNCK, RICHARD FRANCIS FREDERICK, an eminent critic, was born at Strasburg, in 1729, and died there in 1803. The learned world is indebted to him for the Greek Anthology, and for excellent editions of Apollonius Rhodius, Aristophanes, Sophocles, Virgil, Plautus, and Terence. His latter days were clouded with pecuniary difficulties, which compelled him to sell a considerable part of his library. BRUNE, WILLIAM MARY ANN, a French marshal, was born at Brive la Gaillarde, in 1763; espoused warmly the cause of the revolution; and, after having been a printer and an editor of a paper, he entered the army in 1793. In 1796 and 1797 he served under Bonaparte, and his distinguished merit gained him rapid promotion. In 1799, he was commander in chief of the united French and Dutch forces, and displayed high military talents in the defence of North Holland against the duke of York, whom he reduced to a mortifying capitulation. Under the consular government, he had a prominent share in the pacification of the royalist provinces. From 1803 to 1805, he was ambassador at Constantinople; and, during his absence, was made a marshal. Having, in 1807, been appointed governor of the Hanseatic cities, he gave dissatisfaction to Napoleon, who, during the remainder of his first reign, did not employ him. Brune submitted to the Bourbons; but, being slighted by them, he joined Napoleon on his return from Elba, who gave him a command in the south of France. After the second abdication of the emperor, Brune was assassi nated at Avignon, August 2, 1815, by a band of royalist murderers, who were allowed to remain unpunished. Frederic of Prussia, and gained great repa tation in the seven years' war, and in the war of 1778 with Austria. In 1780, he succeeded to the duchy, and proved himself the friend of internal improvement and of literature. He resumed his military career in 1787, when, at the head of the Prussian army, he restored the authority of the stadtholder in Holland. In his next enterprise he was unsuccessful. Having invaded France, at the head of a powerful Austrian and Prussian force, and published a violent and impolitic manifesto, he was compelled to retreat, by an inferior army under Dumourier. In 1794 he resigned the command. Till 1806, he was occupied with the peaceful labours of government; but in that year he was appointed leader of the Prussian army, and was mortally wounded at the fatal battle of Auerstadt. He ex BRUNELLESCHI, PHILIP, the son of a notary, was born at Florence, in 1377, and was originally apprentice to a goldsmith; but a journey to Rome inspired him with a love of architecture. He sedulously studied the principles of the art, and became the classical restorer of it in Italy. He erected many grand structures; particularly the admirable dome of the cathedral, the churches of the Holy Ghost and of St. Lorenzo, and the Pitti Palace, at Florence, and the monastery of Fiesole. Brunelleschi was also a sculptor, an engineer, and a poet. He died in 1444. BRUNO, ST., the founder of the Car-pired at Altona, on the 10th of December. thusian order, was born at Cologne, in 1030; established the first house of his order, in 1084, at the Chartreuse, in Dauphiné; was invited into Italy, by Pope Urban II.; refused the archbishopric of Reggio; founded a second monastery in the mountains of Calabria; died in 1101; and was cononized in 1514. BRUNO, JORDANO, was born at Nola, in the kingdom of Naples, about the middle of the sixteenth century, and was originally a Dominican, but quitted his convent, fled to Geneva, and embraced the protestant religion. Beza and Calvin, however, expelled him from that city. After having visited, France, England, and Germany, he settled at Padua. There he was arrested, and was sent to Rome, where, after two years imprisonment, he was burnt, in 1600. Of his numerous philosophical works the most celebrated is the Demolition of the Triumphant Beast, a satire on superstition, which has unjustly been charged with atheistical principles. BRUNSWICK, FERDINAND, Duke of, was born in 1721, and, after his return from his travels, entered into the Prussian service, and distinguished himself in the Silesian war. In the seven years' war, he was placed at the head of the combined British and Hanoverian forces, manifested talents of the first order, and defeated the French on many occasions, especially at Creveldt and Minden. The peace of 1763 terminated his military career; and he died at Brunswick, July 3, 1792. BRUNSWICK LUNENBURG, CHARLES WILLIAM FERDINAND, Duke of, nephew of Ferdinand, was born in 1735, studied the art of war under his uncle and BRUNSWICK WOLFENBUTTEL OELS, FREDERIC AUGUSTUS, Prince of, a younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1740, and gained applause as a general officer in the Prussian service; but his highest fame is derived from his literary talents. He is the author of several works, among which are, Critical Remarks on the Character of Alexander the Great; and a Military Life of Prince, Frederic Augustus of Brunswick Lunenburg. He died at Weimar, in 1805. BRUNSWICK WOLFENBUTTEL, MAXIMILIAN JULIUS LEOPOLD, Prince of, a brother of the preceding, was born in 1751, and commanded a regiment in garri. son at Frankfort on the Oder, where he was universally beloved for his benevolence, and his charity to the poor. In 1785, a terrible inundation of the Oder spread destruction in the neighbourhood of Frankfort. To save the life of a family surrounded by the waters, the prince heroically put off in a boat, but he was swept away by the torrent, and perished, to the deep regret of every friend of humanity. BRUNTON, MARY, the daughter of Colonel Balfour, was born in Barra island, one of the Orkneys, in 1776, married a minister of the Scotch church in 1796, and died in 1818, equally admired for her talents and beloved for her disposition and virtues. She is the author of Discipline, and of Self Control, two excellent novels; and she left an unfinished tale called Emmeline, and some minor pieces, which her husband published. BRUTUS, LUCIUS JUNIUS, the founder of the republican government in Rome, was a grandson of Tarquin the Elder, by | of Theophrastus; and wrote Dialogues on Tarquinia. His father and elder brother Quietism. having been murdered by Tarquin the Proud, Brutus, for several years, simulated insanity to save his own life; but, on the violation of Lucretia, by Tarquin, he threw off the mask, and animated the Romans to become free. His sons having conspired against the republic, he himself sentenced them to death. He was slain B. C. 505, in a single combat with Aruns, who also fell at the same moment. BRUTUS, MARCUS JUNIUS, a descendant of Lucius Junius, and nephew of Cato, espoused the cause of Pompey; but, after the battle of Pharsalia, he was received into favour by the conqueror, entrusted with the government of Cisalpine Gaul, and made prætor of Rome. He, nevertheless, joined in the conspiracy of Cassius and others, and assisted in putting Cæsar to death. Being finally vanquished, at the battle of Philippi, B. c. 42, he terminated his own existence, in the forty-third year of his age. Of all the conspirators, Brutus alone is believed to have been actuated by purely patriotic motives. BRUYERE, JOHN DE LA, a celebrated French writer, was born, in 1644, at Dourdan, in the isle of France; was appointed historical tutor to the duke of Burgundy, who subsequently pensioned and retained him about his person; was admitted into the French Academy, in 1693; and died, of apoplexy, in 1697. His admirable Characters appeared in 1687. Delille justly observes, that " he who would describe La Bruyere ought to possess his genius, and that inimitable talent which comprises so much sense in a phrase, so many ideas in a word, and expresses in so novel a manner that which has before been said, and in so pointed a manner that which has never been said before." La Bruyere also translated the Characters BRUYN, CORNELIUS LE, a native of the Hague, where he was born in 1652, acquired reputation both as a painter and a traveller; but particularly in the latter capacity. In two voyages, which lasted several years, he visited Italy, Asia Minor, Egypt, the Archipelago, Russia, Persia, and the Indian continent and isles. He returned to his native country in 1708. The time of his death is unknown. His Voyages form 2 vols. folio. BRUYN, NICHOLAS, a Dutch poet, who was born at Amsterdam, in 1671, is the author of seven tragedies, and of many poems, which have been collected in eleven volumes. His tragedies still keep possession of the stage. Among his best poems are three descriptive pieces, illustrative of the beauties of North and South Holland, and of the river Vecht. BRUYS, PETER DE, a native of Dauphiné, who was burnt, as a heretic, at St. Gilles, in Languedoc, in 1130, was the founder of a sect called Petrobrussians. He opposed transubstantiation, infant baptism, and the use of churches, crucifixes, and prayers for the dead. BRYAN, MICHAEL, an eminent connoisseur in the fine arts, who was at one period a picture dealer, was born in 1757, and died in 1821. He is the author of a valuable Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, 2 vols. 4to. BRYANT, JACOB, a philologist and antiquary, was born at Plymouth, in 1715, and received his education at Eton and King's College, Cambridge. The duke of Marlborough, to whom he had been tutor, gave him a place in the ordnance department. He settled at Cypenham, in Berkshire, and died November 14, 1804, of a mortification in the leg, occasioned by bruising the skin against a chair. Bryant was an indefatigable and a learned writer, but fond of paradox. He wrote one work to maintain the authenticity of the pseudo Rowley's poems, and another to prove that Troy never existed. His principal production is a New System or Analysis of Ancient Mythology, in three volumes quarto, which was published in 1774 and 1776. It is ingenious and erudite; but often fanciful and erroneous. Among his other compositions are, Observations relative to Ancient History; a Treatise on the Authenticity of the Scriptures; Observations on the Plagues of Egypt; and Dissertations on the Prophecy of Balaam, &c. BRYDONE, PATRICK, a native of Scot- | disinterred and committed to the flames. land, was born in 1741, and travelled in His works are numerous. Italy, as companion to Mr. Beckford and BUCHAN, WILLIAM, a Scotch physi other gentlemen. He was appointed comp-cian, was born at Ancram, in 1729, edutroller of the stamp office, which situation cated at Edinburgh, and became physician he held till his decease in 1819. The pub- to the Foundling Hospital at Ackworth, lication of his Travels in Sicily and Malta in Yorkshire. He afterwards practised in gained him admission to the Royal Society, London with tolerable success. Buchan, to the Transactions of which body he con- however, was too fond of society to attend tributed several papers. The narrative of diligently to his profession. He was first his travels is well written; but much dis- brought into repute by his Domestic Medisatisfaction was excited by some of its cine, which was published in 1770, and statements, which militate against the Mo-acquired extensive popularity. His book, saic account of the creation. BUACHE, PHILIP, a geographer, the pupil and son in law of William Delisle, was born at Paris, in 1700, and died in 1773. Buache published many charts and maps, and some geographical works. He maintained the existence of a southern continent, and framed a system of physical and natural geography, which has been overturned by subsequent discoveries. BUAT NANCAY, LOUIS GABRIEL, Count du, a learned French writer, was born at Livarot, in Normandy, in 1732, was a pupil of Folard, became envoy at Dresden and Ratisbon, and died in 1787. His principal works are, the Ancient History of the European Nations; the Origins, or the Ancient Government of France, Germany, &c.; and the Maxims of Monarchical Government. BUC, GEORGE, an historian and antiquary, a native of Lincolnshire, was one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber to James I., who made him master of the revels, and knighted him. He wrote the Art of Revels; the Third Universitie of England; and a Life of Richard III. The latter, in which he vindicates the character of that monarch, is the best known of his works. Malone attributes it to Sir George's son, but Ritson maintains the claim of the father. BUCER, MARTIN, one of the fathers of the Reformation, was born, in 1491, at Schlestadt, in Alsace. He was a Dominican, but was converted to protestantism by Luther. The new doctrines were introduced by him at Strasburgh, where he was minister and professor of theology for twenty years. Bucer laboured, but in vain, to reconcile the disputes of Luther and Zuingle. In 1548 he went to Augsburgh to sign the Interim; after which he was invited to England by Cranmer. He died, in 1551, at Cambridge, where he was theological professor. During the reign of the persecuting Mary his bones were though it is creditable to the author's talent and knowledge, has done no small mischief, by its effect on the hypocondriacal, and by its inducing many ignorant persons to tamper with their maladies. Buchan died in 1805. Besides his Domestic Medicine, he wrote a Treatise on Lues; and Advice to Mothers. BUCHAN, ELIZABETH, a Scotch fanatic, the wife of a maker of delft at Glasgow, began, about 1779, to prophecy the approaching end of the world, and to exhort her hearers to abandon worldly connections and pursuits, in order to be ready to receive Christ. This insane woman gained a considerable number of followers, who were called Buchanists. She died in 1791; and on her deathbed is said to have declared herself to be the Virgin Mary, and promised to return to life. BUCHANAN, GEORGE, one of the boasts of Scottish literature, was born, in 1506, at Killairn, in Dumbartonshire, and, after having pursued his studies at Paris and St. Andrew's, and served for a while in the army, he was appointed tutor to the earl of Cassilis, with whom he remained in France during five years. Returning from Paris with the earl, he was made tutor to the natural son of James V. Two satires which he wrote on the monks soon drew down their vengeance upon him, |