ter, was born at Tours, in 1730, and died at London, in 1812. In 1758 he became secretary and chaplain to the British minister at Turin, who, on his return to England, left him as chargé d'affaires. He afterwards obtained the living of Elsdon, in Northumberland, travelled with Lord Algernon Percy, and accompanied Lord Monntstuart to Turin, when his lordship was appointed envoy extraordinary. He is the author of various works, of which the principal are, An Inquiry into the Origin of Discoveries, and his own memoirs, under the title of Memoirs of a Traveller in Retirement. He also published an edition of Leibnitz, in six vols. quarto. DUVAL, VALENTINE JAIMERAI, the son of a poor peasant at Artonay, in Champagne, was born in 1695. Left an orphan at ten years of age, he gained a living by watching sheep, and suffered innumerable hardships. A hermit taught him to read, and young Duval thenceforth displayed an ardent longing for knowledge. Fortunately, the duke of Lorraine found him in a forest, stretched out upon and poring over some maps, and took him under his protection. Duval received a good education, and ultimately became keeper of the books and medals of the imperial cabinet at Vienna. He died, in 1765, beloved and respected by every one, for his mo. desty, gratitude, and talents. Besides his miscellaneous works, in two volumes, he published four folio volumes on the coins and medals in the imperial collection. DWIGHT, Dr. TIMOTHY, an American divine and writer, the son of a merchant, was born at Northampton, in Massachusetts, in 1752; became president of Yale College, in 1795; obtained great reputation as a pulpit orator; and died in 1817. He is the author of A System of Theology, five vols.; Travels in New York, four vols.; and two poems, The Conquest of Canaan, and Greenfield Hill. DYER, Sir JAMES, an English judge, was born, in 1512, at Roundshill, in Somersetshire; studied at Oxford and the Middle Temple; and, after having been speaker of the House of Commons, rose to be chief justice of the common pleas, a situation which he held for nearly a quarter of a century. He died in 1582. His Book of Reports is much valued by the members of the legal profession. DYER, JOHN, a poet, was born, in 1700, at Aberglasney, in Caermarthenshire, and was the son of a solicitor. He was educated at Westminster School. Originally intended for the law, he resolved to be a painter, and accordingly put himself under the tuition of Richardson, but he seems to have failed in reaching excellence as an artist. He afterwards took orders, and obtained respectable church preferment. He died in 1758. Dyer produced the poems of Grongar Hill; The Ruins of Rome; and The Fleece. Of these the first is the most popular, and not unjustly, but they are all worthy of the place which they hold in the collective works of the British poets. EACHARD, JOHN, a divine, a native of Suffolk, born in 1636, was educated at Catherine Hall, Cambridge, of which, in 1675, he was chosen master. He died in 1697. Eachard is the author of The Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergy; and of two Dialogues, in which he attacks the system of Hobbes. In these works he displays a large por tion of wit and humour. EARLE, JOHN, a prelate and writer, born at York, in 1601, was made subtutor to Prince Charles, after having taken his degree at Merton College, Oxford. In 1662 he was made bishop of Winchester, and, next year, was translated to Salisbury. He died in 1665. He translated into Latin the Eikon Basilike, but his principal work, and it is worthy of perusal, E is, Microcosmography, or a Piece of the World, discovered in Essays and Characters. It has gone through several editions. EARLOM, RICHARD, an engraver, born in 1740, was the son of the vestry clerk of St. Sepulchre's, London. His attention was first attracted to the arts by the paintings on the lord mayor's coach, and his father was induced to place him under Cipriani. He was employed by Boydell, to make drawings from the Houghton collection, and those drawings he afterwards engraved in mezzotinto; an art in which he was his own instructor. He died in 1822. His flower pieces, engraved from Van Huysum, are highly valued. Among the other admired productions from his burin are, Agrippina, from West; a tiger hunt, and other pieces, from Zoffany; and the first and second parts of the Liber Veritatis, from Claude. EBION, a disciple of Cerinthus, was the head of the sect of the Ebionites, which arose in the first age of the church, and denied the divinity of Christ. He is said to have disseminated his heterodox notions in Asia and the isle of Cyprus, and at Rome. Some, however, deny that such a person ever existed. he settled on his estate in Ireland, where he made many agricultural and manufacturing improvements. He wrote his own Memoirs; an Essay on Roads and Carriages; and, in conjunction with his highly gifted daughter, several works to ameliorate the existing system of education. He died in June, 1817. EDMONDSON, JOSEPH, originally a barber, became an heraldic painter; and, in 1764, was appointed Mowbray herald extraordinary. He died in 1786. His principal works are, a Body of Heraldry, two vols. folio; and Baronagium Genealogi cum; or, the Pedigrees of the English Peers, six vols. folio. ECHARD, LAURENCE, a native of Suffolk, born at Cassam, about 1671, was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge; became archdeacon of Stow, and obtained three livings in Suffolk; and died suddenly, in 1730. He is a voluminous writer. Among his works are, A General Ecclesiastical History; a History of England; a Roman History; and a Gazetteer. ECKHARD, JOHN GEORGE, an antiquary and historian, was born in the duchy of Brunswick, in 1674. After having been professor of history at Helmstadt and at Hanover, he abjured the protestant faith, and was made historiographer and archivist at Wurzburgh, where he died in 1730. Among his principal works are, A Body of History of the Middle Ages, two vols. folio; The Laws of the Franks and Ripuarians, folio; and The Origin of the Families of Hapsburgh and Guelph. ECKHEL, JOSEPH HILARY, an eminent antiquary and numismatist, was born in Upper Austria, in 1736, and died in 1798, director of the medallic cabinet at Vienna. Few men have had so extensive a knowledge of medals as Eckhel. Among his valuable works on this subject are, Nummi Veteres Anecdoti, two vols. folio; and Doctrina Veterum Nummorum, in eight vols. EDRIDGE, HENRY, R. A., an artist, was born at Paddington, in 1768; studied under Pether; and, in 1786, obtained a medal from the Royal Academy. Miniatures in ivory were his first productions; he next drew his heads on paper in pencil and Indian ink; and, lastly, he adopted water colours. In all these varieties his works were excellent. In his latter days, he devoted much of his time to painting landscapes, which equalled his portraits. He died in 1821. EDEN, Sir FREDERIC MORTON, a diplomatist and writer on political economy, was employed as ambassador, from 1792 to 1796, at the courts of Berlin, Madrid, and Vienna. He died in 1809. Of his statistical works the most important is, The State of the Poor; or, A History of the Labouring Classes in England, from the Conquest, three vols. quarto. The Globe Insurance Company was established by him. EDRISI, ABU ABDALLAH MOHAMMED BEN MOHAMMED, Scherif al, a descendant of the African princes of the race of Edris, was born at Ceuta, in 1099, and studied at Cordova. He settled at the court of Roger, king of Sicily, for whom, about 1153, he framed an immense terrestrial globe of silver, and wrote in Arabic a geographical work to explain the globe. Various parts of this work have been translated. Nothing more is known of Edrisi. EDGEWORTH, RICHARD LOVELL, an elegant writer, and an ingenious mechanician, was born at Bath, in 1744, and studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Being a man of fortune, he was not constrained to adopt a profession, but he amused himself with mechanical inventions, and among other things invented, in 1767, a telegraph. After having travelled on the continent, EDWARD, Prince of Wales, surnamed the Black Prince, son of Edward III. was born in 1330. In 1345, he attended his father to France, and, in the ensuing year, he took a leading part in gaining the died in 1789. Originally a mason, and with little education, Edwards rose in the world by the force of his own genius. The first work which brought him into notice was a single stone arch, of unusual span and great elegance, over the river Taafe. His skill and success in that instance caused him to be extensively employed, particularly in building bridges. glorious victory of Crecy. Being invested with the duchy of Guienne, he ravaged the French dominions in 1355 and 1356. It was in the latter year that he won the great battle of Poictiers, and distinguished himself by his chivalrous conduct to the captive monarch. He was placed by his father at the head of a large part of the Anglo-Gallic dominions, with the title of EDWARDS, EDWARD, born in London, Prince of Aquitaine, and he took up his residence at Bourdeaux. One of his last in 1738, was originally a chair maker and exploits was the restoration of Pedro the carver, but devoted himself with such Cruel to the throne of Castile. He died, success to drawing that, in 1773, he be- . I came an associate of the Royal Academy, in England, in 1576. and, in 1778, academical teacher of perspective. He died in 1906. He is the author of a Treatise on Perspective; and Anecdotes of Painters. EDWARDS, GEORGE, a natural historian, was born about 1695, at Westham, in Essex, and was intended for trade, but, after having travelled for some years, he applied himself to natural history, and subsisted by colouring and drawing birds from nature. From 1733 to 1769, he was librarian of the College of Physicians. During that period he published his valuable Natural History of Birds, and his Gleanings of Natural History, with several hundred coloured plates. The last volume of the History is dedicated to the Deity. He died in 1773. EDWARDS, THOMAS, a poet and critic, was born in London in 1699. He studied the law, but, being blessed with a competent fortune, he never practised. His leisure hours were given to literary pursuits. He died in 1757. Dissatisfied with Warburton's edition of Shakspeare, Edwards published some keen remarks upon it, which were coarsely noticed by the haughty and petulant editor. This gave rise to the Canons of Criticism, by Edwards, a work of great wit and acuteness, in which Warburton is severely handled. Among the productions of Edwards are fifty Sonnets, which display much elegance and poetical feeling. EDWARDS, BRYAN, an historian, was a native of Wilts, born at Westbury, in 1743; received an imperfect education at a dissenting seminary; and, after the death of his father, was taken under the care of a maternal uncle in Jamaica. While he was in the West Indies, he acquired some classical knowledge, inherited two fortunes, and became an eminent merchant. In 1796 he was elected member of parliament for Grampound, and he took a part in the measures for mitigating the horrors of the slave trade. He died in 1800. His principal work is, A History of the British Colonies in the West Indies, two vols. 4to.; to which he subsequently added, A History of St. Domingo. The last edition is in five vols. 8vo., of which the last two contain a Continuation of the History, by Davenport. Edwards is also the author of a few elegant and spirited poems. EGEDE, HANS, a Danish divine, born in 1686, who died in 1758, was the founder of the religious missions to Greenland, in which country he resided from 1721 to 1736, displaying a piety, zeal, and benevoEDWARDS, JONATHAN, an able Ame-lence, which gained the confidence of the rican divine, was born at Windsor, in natives. He wrote a Description of GreenConnecticut, in 1703; studied at Yale Col-land.-His son, PAUL, who succeeded him, lege; and made a rapid progress. For and emulated his virtues, was born in some years he was pastor to a congregation at Northampton; but, assuming too much authority, he was at length dismissed. From his next occupation, as a missionary, he was called to be president of the college of New Jersey, but he died in 1757, the year after his election. His principal work, An Inquiry into the Notion of Freedom of Will, is considered as the best vindication of the doctrine of philosophical necessity. EDWARDS, WILLIAM, an architect, was born, in 1719, in Glamorganshire, and 1708, and died in 1789. He wrote an Account of Greenland; composed a Dictionary and Grammar of the language; and translated into that language a part of the Bible, and some other works. EGIL, or EIGIL, an Iceland warrior and scald, or poet, of the tenth century. His valour was signally displayed during incursions into Northumberland and Scotland. The son of Eric Blodaxe, king of Norway, was slain by him in combat; but Egil soon afterwards fell into the father's hands. Eric sentenced him to death. The bard, however, averted his | died at Venice, in 1549. For many years doom by reciting an extempore poem in he was professor of Hebrew at Venice praise of Eric. Of this poem, called The and Padua. Among his works, which are Ransom of the Head, a Latin version has highly valuable, are, A Chaldaic, Talbeen published. Some fragments of Egil's mudic, and Rabbinic Lexicon; A Hebrew other compositions are extant. Glossary; and a Commentary on the Grammar of Moses Kimchi. EGINHARD, a celebrated historian, a native of Germany, was a pupil of Alcuin, who recommended him to the notice of Charlemagne. The monarch made him his secretary, and afterwards superintendant of his buildings. He died, in 839, abbot of Seligenstadt. The stories relative to his marrying a daughter of Charlemagne appear to be fables. Eginhard is the author of A Life of Charlemagne; Annals of France, from 741 to 829; and sixty-two Epistles. EGINTON, FRANCIS, the restorer of the art of painting on glass, was born in 1737, and died at Handsworth, in Shropshire, in 1805. Among his numerous works, all of which are remarkable for brilliancy of colouring and delicacy of execution, are, the Banquet given to the Queen of Sheba, a copy from Hamilton; two Resurrections, from Sir Joshua Reynolds; Christ bearing the Cross, from Morales; and the Soul of a Child in the presence of the Deity, from Peters. EHRET, GEORGE DENIS, a celebrated botanical painter, the son of a gardener, was born at Durlach, in Germany, in 1710, and died at London, in 1770. His greatest works are, The Hortus Cliffortianus; and a Collection of Flowers and Butterflies. He was a friend of Linnæus, and a member of the Royal Society. ELBEE, GIGOT D', general of the Vendean royalists, was born, at Dresden, in 1752, of a French family, and entered the French service as a cavalry officer. In 1783 he resigned his commission, and for several years lived upon his estate in Anjou. On the breaking out of the insurrection in Vendée, a body of the royalists chose him their leader, and he was subsequently appointed generalissimo of the whole army. He had little military talent, but much bravery, and was beloved by his men. "My lads!" he used to exclaim when going into action, " Providence will give you the victory,"-for this reason the peasants called him General Providence. After having fought many battles, and gained several victories, he was taken prisoner, in 1794, at Noirmoutier, and put to death by the republicans. ELIAS LEVITA, a celebrated Jewish rabbi, a native of Germany, was born at Neustadt, in Brandenburg, in 1472, and ELIOT, GEORGE AUGUSTUS, Lord HEATHFIELD, the son of a Roxburghshire baronet, was born about 1717, and received his education at Leyden. He first bore arms in the Prussian service; but returned to Scotland in 1735, and, in the following year, entered the engineer corps, from which he removed into the horse grenadiers. He distinguished himself at Dettingen, and during the seven years' war in Germany. His laurels, however, were chiefly gained at Gibraltar, of which fortress he was appointed governor in 1775, and which he defended with consummate constancy and talent. The title of Lord Heathfield and the order of the Bath were bestowed on him as a reward. He died in 1790. ELIZABETH, Queen of England, the daughter of Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn, was born in 1533; was educated as a protestant; and was also initiated into classical literature. After having been exposed to considerable danger during the reign of Mary, she ascended the throne in 1558. Her reign was long and glorious; the nation was raised to a high degree of prosperity, and its enemies were baffied and disgraced. Among the greatest events of her reign was the defeat of the Spanish armada, in 1588. She died March 24, 1603. Elizabeth was never married, and she was proud of the title of the Virgin Queen, though it must be owned that, in many instances, her conduct was such as to render doubtful her right to the title. With many of the qualities of a great sovereign, she had many weaknesses which preface, notes, and appendix to Way's Fabliaux; and contributed to the AntiJacobin paper. derogated heavily from her character. As taste and research. He also added a a scholar she has claims to attention. With Greek and Latin she was familiar; from the former she translated a play of Euripides, a dialogue of Xenophon, and two ELLWOOD, THOMAS, a quaker, was orations of Isocrates; from the latter, Sal- born, in 1639, at Crowell, in Oxfordshire. lust's Jugurthine War; part of Horace's He was an active controversialist, and Art of Poetry; and Boethius's Consolations endured considerable persecution. At one of Philosophy. She also wrote a Comment time he was amanuensis to Milton, and to on Plato, a few verses, and various prayers, this circumstance we are indebted for the meditations, and speeches. Paradise Regained. "Thou hast said much ELLIS, JOHN, a native of London, of Paradise Lost," exclaimed Ellwood, born in 1698, was by profession a money" but what hast thou to say of Paradise scrivener, and died in 1792, having possessed his faculties to the last. Johnson, who was his frequent guest, said, "The most literary conversation I ever enjoyed was at the table of Jack Ellis." Ellis wrote some fugitive poems; translated The Surprise, or Gentleman Apothecary; and burlesqued Maphæus's additional book to the Æneid. He also made a version, which was never published, of Ovid's Epistles. ELLIS, WILLIAM, an agriculturist, was born towards the close of the seventeenth century, and died after the middle of the eighteenth. He was a farmer at Great Gaddesden, Herts, and enjoyed considerable reputation in his time as an agricultural writer, and an inventor and maker of farming instruments. His principal work is, The Modern Husbandman, in eight volumes. ELLIS, JOHN, a naturalist, was born in London in 1710, and died in 1776. He held the office of agent for Florida and Dominica, and was a member of the Royal Society, to the Transactions of which body he communicated many papers. He is the author of various works, the chief of which are, An Essay towards a Natural History of British Corallines; and a Natural History of uncommon Zoophytes. Ellis was one of the first writers who established the animal nature of corallines. ELLIS, GEORGE, an elegant miscellaneous writer, was a native of London, and received his education at Westminster School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. Early in life he was connected with the whigs, and took a share in producing the pungent satire called the Rolliad. He, however, was converted to the party of Mr. Pitt, held an office, and was secretary to Lord Malmesbury, on the embassy to Lisle. He died, at the age of seventy, in 1815. His Specimens of early English Poets, and Specimens of early English Metrical Romances, bear witness to his found?" The hint was taken by the immortal bard. Ellwood, who died in 1714, wrote his own Life; Davideis, a poem ; Sacred History; and the Foundation of Tithes shaken; besides numerous minor productions. ELMACINUS, or ELMAKIN, GEORGE, an oriental historian, who is believed to have been a Christian, was born in 1223, and succeeded his father as one of the secretaries to the sultan of Egypt. He died in 1273. Elmacinus is the author of an Arabic chronicle, from the creation down to 1118, which Erpenius translated into Latin. ELPHINSTON, JAMES, a native of Edinburgh, born in 1721, and educated at the university of his native city, was for many years the master of a boarding school in the vicinity of London. He died at Hammersmith in 1809. The translations of the mottos in the Edinburgh edition of the Rambler, in 1750, were made by him. For a considerable part of his life he was engaged in a chimerical attempt to remodel English orthography; and on this subject he published several works, among which is a Selection of his Correspondence with eminent persons. He also produced a bad translation of Martial, and an English Grammar. ELSTOB, WILLIAM, a divine and a Saxon scholar, was born, in 1673, at Newcastle upon Tyne; and was educated at Eton, Cambridge, and Oxford, in which latter university he was chosen a fellow of University College. He obtained the rectory of St. Swithin, London, in which he died, in 1714. In the Saxon language he was well versed, and translated from it the Homily of Lupus. Unfortunately, he did not carry into effect his design of pub. lishing a collection of the Saxon Laws. ELSTOB, ELIZABETH, sister of the foregoing, was born at Newcastle in 1683, and was as good a Saxon scholar as her brother. She translated the Homily of St. Gregory, and published a Saxon |