the close of the contest he entered the Bavarian service, as lieutenant-general, and was created a count, and received the order of the white eagle, for the reforms which he introduced into the army and the police. In 1798 he visited England, where he remained for four years, and took a prominent part in founding the Royal Institution. On his return to the continent he married the widow of Lavoisier. He settled near Paris, and died there August 21, 1814. His experiments and discoveries are recorded in his Essays, and in the Philosophical Transactions. RUMPF, or RUMPHIUS, GEORGE EVERARD, a botanist, was born, in 1637, at Hanau; went to Amboyna, as consul and senior merchant; and died, in 1693, after having been blind for more than twenty years. His principal work is the Amboyna Herbal. RUPERT, Prince, third son of the elector palatine, king of Bohemia, and of the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Jaines the First, was born in 1619. He commanded the cavalry of Charles the First during the civil war, and on various occasions manifested the most daring valour; but his impetuosity and want of prudence more than counterbalanced the effects of his bravery. In 1665 and 1666 he distinguished himself in various naval actions against the Dutch. He died in 1682. Rupert was a lover of the sciences, particularly of chemistry and experimental philosophy. He invented prince's metal, and the art of mezzotinto engraving. RUSH, BENJAMIN, an American physician, was born, in 1745, at Bristol, in Pennsylvania; was educated at Princeton College, and took his degree at Edinburgh; was chosen, in 1776, a member of congress; was professor of medicine and clinical practice at the Pennsylvanian university; and died in 1813. Among his works are, Essays, literary, moral, and philosophical; Medical Inquiries and Observations; and A History of the Yellow Fever. RUSHWORTH, JOHN, an historical compiler, was born, in 1607, in Northumberland, studied at Oxford, and was called to the bar. In 1640 he became assistant clerk to the house of commons, and after the Restoration was secretary to lord keeper Bridgeman. He died, a debtor in the King's Bench, in 1690. His Historical Collections, in eight folio volumes, is a work of merit. ford. In the house of commons he was a warm supporter of the bill for excluding the duke of York from the throne. The court did not fail to take a sanguinary vengeance for this offence. He was accused of having participated in the Rye House Plot, and on this charge he was brought to trial, July 13, 1683. By the aid of perjured and infamous witnesses, and a packed jury, a verdict was obtained against him, and notwithstanding powerful interest was exerted to save his life, the sentence of judicial murder was carried into execution on the 21st of July. After the Revolution the proceedings against him were annulled. RUSSEL, Lady RACHEL, the wife of the foregoing, was the second daughter of the earl of Southampton, and widow of Lord Vaughan. In 1667, she was united to Lord William Russel, and for sixteen years they enjoyed uninterrupted felicity. On his trial she assisted him in taking notes. She survived him forty years, but constantly refused to enter again into the marriage state. She died, at the age of eighty-seven, in 1723. Lady Russel was a woman of unaffected piety and an excellent understanding. Her Letters have been often reprinted. RUSSEL, EDWARD, earl of Orford, a British admiral, was born in 1651; was one of the promoters of the Revolution; gained the celebrated battle of La Hogue, in 1692; commanded subsequently in the Mediterranean; was, at two periods, first lord of the admiralty; was one of the regents on the death of Queen Anne, till the arrival of her successor; and died in 1727. RUSSEL, ALEXANDER, a physician, was born and educated at Edinburgh; was apRUSSEL, Lord WILLIAM, one of the pointed, in 1740, physician to the English martyrs of liberty, was born about 1641, factory at Aleppo, and resided there several and was the third son of the duke of Bed-years; became physician to St. Thomas's Hospital; and died in 1770. He wrote The Natural History of Aleppo. His brother PATRICK, who succeeded him at Aleppo, and died in 1805, wrote a Treatise on the Plague; and Description of Fishes on the Coromandel Coast. RUSSEL, WILLIAM, a miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1746, in Mid Lothian, and began life as a bookseller; but at length became an author. He died in 1794. His principal work is The History of Modern Europe. He began The History of Ancient Europe, but left it incomplete. and died there in 1681. By whom he was instructed is not known; but his talents were great. In landscape he stands among the highest masters of his profession.-His brother SOLOMON, who was also a painter, but far inferior in merit, was born in 1616, and died in 1670. RUYTER, MICHAEL ADRIAN, a Dutch admiral, was born, in 1607, at Middleburgh, or at Flushing. He entered the naval service when he was only eleven years of age, and, by dint of bravery and skill, rose to the summit of his profession. RUTHERFORD, DANIEL, a natural After having distinguished himself on nuphilosopher and physician, was born, in merous occasions, particularly in the wars 1749, at Edinburgh, at the university of of 1652 and 1666 against the English, in which city he studied. In 1786 he was the last of which he penetrated up the appointed professor of botany, and keeper Medway, and destroyed some ships; he of the botanic garden. He died in 1819. was mortally wounded in 1676, in an enDr. Rutherford was the discoverer of nitro-gagement with the French admiral Dugen, and was one of the first, if not the first, who observed the acidifying power of oxygen. quesne. RYMER, THOMAS, an antiquary and critic, a native of Yorkshire, was educated RUTHERFORTH, THOMAS, a divine, at Northallerton School, and at Sidney was born, in 1712, at Papworth Everard, College, Cambridge. In 1692 he was apin Cambridgeshire; was educated at Saint pointed royal historiographer. He died John's College, Cambridge; became pro-in 1713. As a critic he deserves little fessor of divinity in 1745; and died, in 1771, rector of Barley, in Hertfordshire, and archdeacon of Essex. Of his works, the most important are, A System of Natural Philosophy; Institutes of Natural Law; A Discourse on Miracles; and Ser mons. RUYSCH, FREDERIC, a celebrated anatomist, was born, in 1683, at the Hague, and graduated at Franeker, after having studied at Leyden. In 1665, his Treatise on the Lymphatics gained for him the anatomical chair at Amsterdam. Peter of Russia gave him thirty thousand florins for his specimens and preparations. Ruysch died in 1731. He excelled all other anatomists in injecting the vessels with coloured wax; but, unfortunately, his secret died with him. His works form five quarto volumes. His son, HENRY, who died in 1717, was the author of Theatrum Animalium. RUYSDAEL, JACOB, a celebrated Dutch painter, was born, in 1636, at Haarlem, praise. He wrote a tragedy and some poems, which are equally worthless with his View of the Tragedies of the last Age. His great work, The Fœdera, though faulty, entitles him to somewhat more respect as an antiquary. RYSBRACH, JOHN MICHAEL, an eminent sculptor, the son of a painter, was born in 1694; settled early in life in England, where his works were much admired; and died in 1770. Westminster Abbey contains several of his productions. RZEWIESKY, WENCESLAUS, a Polish nobleman, was born in 1705; filled various high offices, among which was that of grand general of the crown; was six years a prisoner in Russia, for his opposition to the election of Stanislaus Potowski; and died in 1779. He is the author of two tragedies; two comedies; poems; A Course of Rhetoric; several other works; and a translation of Horace's Odes. SAA DO MIRANDA, an eminent Portuguese poet, was born, in 1495, at Coim bra; abandoned the law professorship in that city to give himself up to literature and travelling; and died in 1558. He wrote two comedies, and many pastorals, epistles, and sonnets. SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO, DIEGO DE, a Spanish writer, whom his countrymen named the Spanish Tacitus, was born, in SACCHETTI, FRANCIS, an Italian novelist and poet, was born, about 1335, at Florence; filled some of the most important offices in the Florentine republic; and died about 1410. As a writer of tales he stands next to Boccaccio. SACCHINI, ANTHONY MARY GASPAR, a celebrated Italian composer, was born, in 1735, at Naples; studied under Durante; obtained an early reputation for talent; and died at Paris in 1784, after having resided successively for considerable periods at Rome, Venice, and London. Among his finest operas are, Edipus, Tamerlane, Montezuma, and The Cid. SACHEVERELL, HENRY, a divine, whom circumstances, not talents, raised into notoriety, was the son of a clergyman, was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and became preacher at St. Saviour's, Southwark. In 1709 he preached, at Derby and St. Paul's, two sermons, in which, for party purposes, he raised a furious cry of the church being in danger. For this he was impeached, and 'found guilty of a misdemeanor, and was suspended from preaching for three years. Sacheverell was subsequently led in a sort of triumph through the kingdom by the tories, and obtained a living near Shrewsbury, and the rectory of St. Andrew, Holborn. He died in 1724. SACKVILLE. See DORSET. SADI, or SAADI, one of the most celebrated of the Persian poets, was a native of Shiraz, and studied at Bagdad. He is said to have visited Mecca forty times on foot, and he fought against the Crusaders, by whom he was taken prisoner in Syria. Sadi lived to the age of one hundred and two, and died in 1296. His principal works are, The Gulistan, or Rose Garden; The Bostan, or Fruit Garden. SADOC, a Jewish doctor, flourished about B. C. 248, and was a disciple of Antigonus Sochæus, who succeeded Simon the Just as president of the Sanhedrim. He, in conjunction with his fellow pupil Baithosus, was the founder of the sect of Sadducees. SÆMUND SIGFUSSON, a celebrated Icelander, is believed to have been born about 1045, and to have died in 1135. He compiled The Edda; assisted in framing the Icelandic ecclesiastical ordinances; and wrote a History of Norway. SAGE, BALTHASAR GEORGE, an eminent natural philosopher and mineralogist, was born, in 1740, at Paris, and after having been professor of experimental mineralogy, was appointed superintendent of the school of mines. At the beginning of his career Sage contributed much to the progress of mineralogy in France, but he subsequently set his face against the modern discoveries in that science and in chemistry. He died in 1824, a member of the Institute. Among his works are, Elements of Docimastic Mineralogy; and a Theory on the Origin of Mountains. SAINTE CROIX, WILLIAM EMMANUEL JOSEPH GUILHEM DE CLERMONT LODEVE, baron de, a learned French writer, was born, in 1746, at Mormoiron; studied at the Jesuits' College, Grenoble ; quitted the army for literary pursuits; and died, in 1809, a member of the Institute. His chief works are, A Critical Examination of the Historians of Alexander the Great; and Memoirs for a History of the secret Religion of Ancient Nations. SAINT EVREMOND, CHARLES MARGUETEL DE SAINT DENIS, seigneur de, a French wit and author, was born, in 1613, of a noble family, near Coutances; was educated at Paris and Caen; served with reputation in the army; was subsequently a courtier, and was much admired for his brilliant and sarcastic conversational talents; took refuge in England, in 1662, to avoid the Bastile; was in favour with Charles II. and William III.; and died in London, in 1703. His works have been collected in seven volumes 12mo. SAINTE FOIX, GERMAIN FRANCIS POULLAIN DE, a French dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1698, at Rennes. He served in the army, and acquired reputation, but quitted the military profession for literature. He did not, however, relinquish all his military propensities, for he was frequently engaged in quarrels and duels. He died in 1776. Of his numerous dramatic pieces, only The Oracle retains possession of the stage. Of his miscellaneous productions, Historical Essays on Paris is the principal. SAINT HYACINTHE, HYACINTH CORDONNIER, generally known as Themiseul de St. Hyacinthe, a French author, was born, in 1684, at Orleans. After having served in the army, as a cavalry officer, he resigned the sword to take up the pen. He died in 1746. Of his works the most important is, The Masterpiece of an Unknown, which met with extraordinary success, and inflicted severe wound upon pedantry. The Literary Journal was established by him, in conjunction with s'Gravesande and other writers. SAINT JOHN. See BOLING BROKE. SAINT LAMBERT, CHARLES FRANCIS, marquis de, a French poet, was born, in 1717, at Vezelize, in Lorraine. At the peace of Aix la Chapelle he quitted the army, and obtained an office in the court of Stanislaus, where he became admired for his wit, and intimate with the marchioness de Chatelet. After the death of Stanislaus, Saint Lambert again entered the military profession, and served in the campaigns of 1756 and 1757. Settling at Paris, he was admitted a member of the Academy, and was one of the contributors to the Encyclopædia. He died in 1803. He wrote The Seasons; Fugitive Poems; Tales, &c.; and Philosophical Works. SAINT MARC, CHARLES HUGH LE febvre de, a French writer, was born, in 1698, at Paris; was, successively, a military officer, an ecclesiastic, a private tutor, and an author; and died in 1769. Besides editions of several established productions, he published various original works, one of the most important of which is, A Chronological Abridgment of the History of Italy, from the downfal of the Western Empire. SAINTE PALAYE, JOHN BAPTIST DE LA CURNE DE, a French writer, was born, in 1697, at Auxerre; studied with particular attention the manners and customs of ancient France and of the times of chivalry; became a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and of various other learned bodies; and died in 1781, of grief for the death of his twin brother. He wrote Memoirs on Chivalry; and supplied the materials from which Millot derived The History of the Troubadours. His MS. collections formed one hundred volumes folio. SAINT PIERRE, CHARLES IRENEUS CASTEL, abbé de, a French publicist and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1658, at Saint Pierre Eglise, in Normandy, and studied at the college of Caen. His life was spent in acts of benevolence, in framing projects for the benefit of mankind, and in making those projects public. Among his schemes was one for bringing about a perpetual peace; which Cardinal Dubois called "the dream of a good man." Having, in his Polysynodia, denied Louis the Fourteenth's right to the surname of Great, the Academy expelled him; and, when, on the decease of St. Pierre, it filled up the vacant place, it forbid his successor, Maupertuis, to pronounce, as was usual, his eulogy! His works form eighteen volumes 12mo. SAINT PIERRE. See BERNARDIN. SAINT REAL, CESAR VICHARD, abbé de, a Savoyard historian, was born, in 1639, at Chamberi; accompanied the duchess of Mazarine to England in 1675; resided subsequently for some years at Paris; and died, at his native place, in 1693. His works, among which are Don Carlos, and The Conspiracy of the Spaniards against Venice, form eight volumes 12mo. His histories are elegant, but are deteriorated by an infusion of romance. SAINT SIMON, LOUIS DE ROUVROI, duke of, a French writer and statesman, was born in 1675, and was a godson of Louis XIV. After having served in the army, he spent the rest of his life at court. He was appointed one of the council of regency by the duke of Orleans; and, in 1721, was sent to Madrid to negotiate the marriage of Louis XV. with an Infanta. He died in 1755. Saint Simon wrote valuable Memoirs of the Court of France and of the Regency, of which no complete edition has yet been published. SAINT SIMON, CLAUDIUS HENRY, count de, of the same family as the foregoing, was born, in 1760, at Paris, and died in that city in 1825. He is the founder of the politico-philosophical school of the Industriels; the leading dogma of which school is, that industry is the definitive purpose of human society, and that those engaged in it constitute the superior class of society. Saint Simon published an Introduction to the Scientific Labours of the Nineteenth Century; Political, Moral, and Philosophical Discussions; and other works; to disseminate his doctrines. SAINT VINCENT, JOHN JERVIS, earl of, an eminent British naval officer, youngest son of the auditor of Greenwich Hospital, was born, in 1734, at Meaford Hall; entered the navy, as a midshipman, at the age of fourteen; served in the expedition against Quebec; obtained the rank of post captain in 1760; commanded the Foudroyant in the action between Keppel and d'Orvilliers; and in 1782 was rewarded with the red ribbon for his gallant conduct in the capture of the Pegase. In 1794, as admiral of the squadron in the West Indies, he contributed to the reduction of the French islands; and, on the 14th of February, 1797, being then at the head of | died in 1669. He was the first person the Mediterranean fleet, he gained the splendid victory off Cape Saint Vincent. For this success, to which Nelson mainly contributed, Sir John Jervis was made an English peer, and received a pension. In 1801 he became first lord of the admiralty, which post he held till 1804; in 1814 he was appointed general of marines; and in 1821 admiral of the fleet. He died March the 15th, 1823. SALAH-EDDYN, or SALADIN, MALEK NASSER YUSSUF, sultan of Egypt and Syria, one of the most celebrated champions of islamism during the crusades, was born, in 1137, at Tekrit, on the Tigris; raised himself from the station of an officer to that of a sovereign; obtained various successes over the Christians, but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion; and died, deeply regretted by his subjects, in 1193. SALE, GEORGE, an author and oriental scholar, was born about 1680, and died in 1736. He wrote a part of the Ancient Universal History, and translated the Koran. He was one of the founders of a Society for the Encouragement of Learning. SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, earl of, an eminent statesman, the son of Lord Burleigh, was born about 1550; was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge; sat in parliament for Westminster, and subsequently for the county of Hertford; became a privy counsellor in 1591, and secretary of state in 1596; and was sent ambassador to France in the following year. By James I., with whom he had kept up a secret correspondence, he was, in 1605, created earl of Salisbury, and in 1608 he was appointed lord high treasurer. He died in 1612. SALLO, DENIS DE, a French writer, was born, in 1626, at Paris; was a counsellor of the parliament in that city; and who established a literary journal. It was in 1665 that he began the Journal des Savans; a work which was long continued by other authors, and maintained a high reputation. SALLUST, or SALLUSTIUS, CAIUS CRISPUS, a Roman historian, of equal talents and profligacy, was born, B. c. 85, at Amiternum, and was so remarkable in early life for shameless licentiousness, that he was degraded from the senatorial rank by the censors. Cæsar restored him to his seat, and successively made him quæster and prætor, and governor of Numidia. In the last of these offices he amassed an enormous fortune by acts of rapine. He died B. c. 35. His History of the Roman Republic is lost, with the exception of some fragments; but his masterly Histories of the Jugurthine War, and of the Conspi racy of Catiline, are extant, and bear ample testimony to his genius. SALMASIUS, or SAUMAISE, CLAU DIUS, an eminent French scholar, was born, in 1588, at Semur. He was educated by his father, and at Paris and Heidelberg; and translated Pindar, and composed Latin and Greek verses, when he was only ten years old. His knowledge of languages was extensive, and such was his memory that he retained whatever he once heard read. In 1632 he succeeded Scaliger at the university of Leyden. He twice visited Christina of Sweden at Stockholm, and was received in the most distinguished manner. In 1649 he wrote a Defence of Charles I., to which Milton bitterly and victoriously replied. Salmasius died in 1653. His printed works amount in number to eighty, and he left sixty in manuscript, and as many unfinished. SALUCES DE MENUSIGLIO, JoSEPH ANGELUS, count di, an Italian philosopher, was born, in 1734, at Saluzzo; made several important discoveries in chemistry, dyeing, and mechanics; and died in 1810. He wrote various essays on chemical and other subjects. SAMANIEGO, FELIX MARIA, a Spanish poet, who is called the La Fontaine of Spain, was born, in 1742, at Bilbao, and died, in 1806, at Madrid, a member of the Royal Academy. His Fables are in two volumes octavo. SANCHO, IGNATIUS, a negro of talent, was born, in 1729, on board a slave ship, and was carried to Carthagena. While he was young, he was brought to England, and given to three sisters, who called him |