1017 CONFERENCE ON EUROPEAN SECURITY HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON EUROPE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-SECOND CONGRESS SECOND SESSION APRIL 25; MAY 10; AUGUST 10, 17; SEPTEMBER 7, 27, 1972 79-621 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1972 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $1.50 Stock Number 5270-01624 DEPOSITED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS THOMAS E. MORGAN, Pennsylvania, Chairman CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI, Wisconsin L. H. FOUNTAIN, North Carolina WILLIAM S. MAILLIARD, California EDWARD J. DERWINSKI, Illinois F. BRADFORD MORSE, Massachusetts 1 CORNELIUS E. GALLAGHER, New Jersey PAUL FINDLEY, Illinois CONTENTS1 Preface... Tuesday, April 25, 1972: LIST OF WITNESSES Hillenbrand, Hon. Martin J., Assistant Secretary of State for European Wednesday, May 10, 1972: Whitt, Darnell M., II, Executive Director, Committee of Nine.. Thursday, August 10, 1972: Page V 3 31 21 Woller, Rudolf, Éditorial Chief, German Television, Channel 2______ Thursday, August 17, 1972: 51 Palmer, Michael, Director of Committees and Studies of the North 69 59 Thursday, September 7, 1972: Stoessel, Hon. Walter J., Assistant Secretary of State for European 81 Wednesday, September 27, 1972: Newhouse, John, Author 103 Stanley, Dr. Timothy W., Executive Vice-President, International 111 APPENDIX NATO, Warsaw Pact and other official documents pertaining to the The Rapacki Plan, February 14, 1958. 139 Declaration issued at the close of the meeting of the Political Consul- 141 142 144 Finnish Government memorandum on the convening of a European security conference, May 5, 1969. 146 Communiqué issued after the Conference of Foreign Ministers of the 146 147 149 Final communiqué and declaration issued after the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council, Brussels, December 5, 1969__. Declaration of the North Atlantic Council.. Draft treaty on the establishment of equal relations between the Final communiqué issued after the Ministerial Meeting of the North Declaration on mutual and balanced force reductions 151 152 153 154 156 Peace Program submitted by Mr. Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, at the 24th Soviet Communist Party Congress, Moscow, March 30, 1971... 158 Final communiqué issued after the Ministerial Meeting of the North 158 'An index to this volume appears on p. 191. Page Countries expected to participate in the Security Conference.. I. Western Europe: 160 161 A. Council of Europe... 161 B. The European Communities and their Institutions_ 162 162 5. European Economic Community (EEC or Com- 163 6. European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)_ 164 ATOM). 164 G. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 166 H. Western Europe Union (WEU). 167 II. Eastern Europe: A. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON or 167 B. Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual 168 New York Times, article from, "NATO's Future in a More Relaxed Excerpt from article, "A European Security Conference: Prepara- 188 170 175 Alting von Geusau, Prof. Frans A. M., Director of the John F. Kennedy Institute, Center for International Studies, Tilburg, The Netherlands, statement of.. 181 Rodio, Frank, Jr., Hammonton, N.J., statement of 185 Spenner, Herbert A., attorney at law, Milwaukee, Wis., statement of__ 187 PREFACE A Conference on European Security (CES) will almost certainly take place in 1973. It will convene with active, if reluctant, American participation. This reluctance is unfortunate for the United States now has not only an opportunity but a responsibility to lead the Western nations in the search for a new system in Europe. In view of the inevitability of the conference, it would be especially shortsighted to forsake the dynamic and innovative role we could play. I see no signs, from a viewing point on Capitol Hill, that the United States will enter this decisive stage with any policy ideas which might wrest the initiative from the East. The Western impetus toward a constructive conference comes almost entirely from some of our NATO allies whose cautious enthusiasm is under a steady restraint from the Washington flagship of the Alliance. A SOVIET PROPOSAL As these hearings show, the Soviet Union first proposed a European security conference in 1954 to forestall West German rearmament. As a manifestation of Russian refusal to recognize the legitimacy of a U.S. presence, Americans were relegated to observer status only. Although cold war tensions effectively mooted positive security moves in Europe for a decade, a breakthrough came in 1964. In a U.N. speech, Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rapacki revived the prospects for a conference and his remarks were shortly seconded by the Warsaw Pact's political consultative committee. Another round of communiques from the East, however, continued to rule out U.S. participation while reemphasizing the difference between "European" interests and U.S. concerns. After the setback in detente diplomacy following the August 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Warsaw Pact about-faced and issued a proposed agenda for the conference and agreed to full participatory status for the United States and Canada. Unquestionably, the U.S.S.R. and her allies have been the prime movers for a conference. Possible Soviet motives are probably a combination of the following: (a) to legitimize the European territorial and ideological status quo by a multilateral renunciation of force agreement; (b) to forestall or delay West European politico-military integration by decreasing perceived security threats and freezing current institutional arrangements through treaty; (c) to increase: trade and technology exchange with Western Europe, which may be impossible without corresponding improvement in all aspects of EastWest relations; (d) to secure her Western flank in the event of Chinese hostilities; (e) to divorce West Europe from the United States in |