Permanent and indefinite Appropr'ns 9,528,279 17 Williamsburg, N. Y..

Specific Appropriations asked for.... 33,667,489 04

THE DEAD OF 1850.

GEN. ZACHARY TAYLOR, President of the of heart. His loss was deeply felt by his United States, died in the President's House, countrymen. Washington city, on the evening of July 9, -Hon. JOHN C. CALHOUN died at Washin the 66th year of his age, having been born ington on the 31st of March, aged 68. Mr. in Orange county, Virginia, September 24th, Calhoun was born in South Carolina on the 1784, but removed next year to Kentucky, 18th of March, 1782, of an Irish family, his where most of the survivors of the family father (Patrick) having borne an active still reside. Zachary entered the United though undistinguished part in the RevoluStates army as a first lieutenant in 1808, was tionary struggle then closing John C. gradumarried to Margaret Smith of Maryland in ated at Yale college, then studied law at 1810, distinguished himself by his gallant Litchfield, Conn., was admitted to practice in defense of Fort Harrison on the Wabash in 1807, elected to Congress in 1811, at once 1812, and rose to the rank of major during took a leading part among the advocates of the war. Being reduced to a captaincy after a war with Great Britain, and ever after the peace, he resigned, but was soon reïu- bore a conspicuous part in the councils of the stated, and placed in command at Green nation. He was Secretary of War from Bay; in 1819, made lieutenant-colonel; in 1817 to 1824-5, when he was chosen Vice 1832, made a colonel; remained in the north- President; reëlected in 1828; resigned the west, and was engaged in the Black-Hawk Vice-Presidency in 1831, and entered the war of 1832; was transferred in 1836 to Senate as a Member: retired at the close of Florida, and there distinguished himself in his term, and in 1843 was summoned from prithe Seminole war by his skill, activity and vate life by President Tyler, on the death of hardihood; was made brigadier general by Mr. Upshur, to take the Department of State, brevet, after winning the battle of Okeecho- which he held till the close of Mr. Tyler's bee, Dec. 25th, 1837; was appointed to the term in 1845. He was thereupon reëlected chief command in that war next year; re- to the Senate, and there remained until his mained in Florida till 1840, when he was death. He was a man of the very loftiest relieved by Gen. Armistead, and appointed to abilities, unsurpassed in logic and in force the command of the south western division, of diction; of the most unquestionable probity, with his head-quarters at Baton Rouge, and of intense though sectional patriotism. Louisiana; whence he was ordered down to South Carolina was his country, not the the new south-western frontier upon the an- United States. He was the most formidable nexation of Texas in 1845; reached Corpus champion of Slavery, Free Trade and NulliChristi on the Nueces in August; marched fication that our country has known. thence to the Rio Grande, in pursuance of -Col. RICHARD M. JOHNSON died at orders, next month; encamped opposite Mat Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 19th, having been in amoros on the 29th of that month; fought broken health and of unsound mind. for some the battle of Palo Alto on the 8th and that days before. He was born about 1780, first of Resaca de la Palma on the 9th of May; elected to Congress in 1807, and for twelve took Monterey after severe fighting on the years a Member of the House, transferred 21st, 22d and 23d of September; and on the in 1819 to the Senate, where he remained 22d and 23d of February following defeated till 1829, when Mr. Clay was chosen in his at Buena Vista Santa Anna's 20,000 choice stead. In 1813, Col. J. commanded a regiMexican troops; Gen. Taylor's entire force ment of mounted Kentuckians under Gen. not exceeding 6,000, mostly volunteers. He Harrison, and did good service at the battle returned to Baton Rouge the ensuing au- of the Thames, where the British and Intumn, and next spring was nominated for dians, under Proctor and Tecumseh, were President of the United States by the Whig completely routed and Tecumseh killed. Col. National Convention, as he had previously Johnson was long proclaimed the slayer of been by several public meetings irrespective the savage chief, but never directly claimed of party. He was elected President Nov. that equivocal honor. In 1836-7, he was 7th, 1848, receiving 163 electoral votes to chosen Vice President with Mr. Van Buren 127 for Gen. Lewis Cass of Michigan; re- as President-having failed to receive a mapaired to Washington the following Febru- jority of the electoral votes, ne was the first ary, and was inaugurated on the 5th of and only Vice-President ever yet chosen by March, 1849. His administration encoun- the Senate. In 1840, he was a candidate tered many embarrassing difficulties, but his for reëlection, but badly beaten; when he great personal popularity remained till his again retired to private life, though earnest death, being founded on his signal modesty, efforts were made by certain admirers to intrepidity, integrity of purpose and goodness bring him forward for President in 1844.

He was elected last August to the Ken-ability. She was a little over 40 years of tucky Legislature, and was in attendance age when she died.

on its sittings at the time of his death. His -Hon. SAMUEL T. ARMSTRONG of Boston, fame rests principally on his reported killing Mass., who had been Mayor, State Senator, of Tecumseh, whom he probably never saw, Lieutenant-Governor, &c., died March 26th, and his production of the Report against stop-aged 66.

ping the Mails on Sunday, which he very -Hon. WILLIAM H. BROCKENBROUGH, certainly never wrote. He was a kind, late M. C. from Florida, died at Tallahassee generous, single-hearted man, and much be- in June, aged 37. loved by those who best knew him.

-Sir ROBERT PEEL, late Prime Minister of England, and her greatest statesman remaining since the death of Earl Grey, died of a severe fall from his horse, July 3d, aged 62. He distinguished himself years ago by his able opposition to Irish Emancipation and Parliamentary Reform, and more recently by his leading part in the Repeal of the Corn-Laws. He remained a Member of Parliament till his death, but was not otherwise in office.

-Hon. THOMAS J. CAMPBELL, formerly in Congress and latterly Clerk of the House, died at Washington, April 13th, aged about 64.

-Rev. PORTER CLAY, last surviving brother of Hon. Henry Clay, died at Camden, Arkansas, Feb. 16th, aged 70.

-Hon. DANIEL CHIPMAN, a writer on Law, formerly in Congress, died at Ripton, Vt., April 23d, aged 85.

-Rev. WILLIAM COGSWELL, D.D., died at Gilmanton, N. H., April 18th, aged 62. -WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, Poet-Lau- He had distinguished himself as a preacher, reate of England, and one of the greatest writer and editor. poets of his country, died at Rydal Mount, -Com. BENJ COOPER, U. S. Navy, died Westmoreland, April 23d, aged 80. His at Brooklyn, N. Y., June 1st, aged 57, 'Ode on the Intimations of Immortality, Rob Roy,' 'Sonnets,' and other Poems will long be read with admiration wherever the English language is spoken.

-MATTHEW L. DAVIS, Esq., the intimate friend and biographer of Aaron Burr, died in New York, June 21st, aged 84.

-Dr. BENJ. W. DWIGHT died at Clinton, N. Y., Nov. 18th, aged 70.

Hon. SERGEANT S. PRENTISS died near Natchez, Miss., July 1st, aged 40. He was -Hon. FRANLIN H. ELMORE, an eminent a native of Maine, long resident in Missis- Member of Congress and President of the sippi, and thence chosen to Congress in 1837, Bank of South Carolina, died at Washingbut had of late practiced mainly in New Or- ton. May 29th, aged 50. He had just before leans. He was one of the first orators.ken his seat as successor to John C. whether in Court or on the stump, that Calhoun, America has known.

-Hon. JAMES EMOTT, distinguished as a Federal leader in the Legislature of New York in other days, a Member of Congress from 1809 to 1813, and since an eminent Judge, died at Poughkeepsie, April 7th, She aged 80.

-Hon. PRESTON W. FARRAR, Speaker of the Louisiana House, died at Baton Rouge, March 7th, aged about 50.

-SARAH MARGARET FULLER D'OSSOLI was drowned, with her husband and child, in the wreck of the brig Elizabeth, on the south shore of Long Island, during a severe storm on the morning of July 19th. was the daughter of Hon. Timothy Fuller, M. C. from Middlesex, Mass., and from early youth distinguished by the vigor of her intellect and the rapidity and scope of her ac- -FRANCES SARGENT OSGOOD, one of the quirements. At eight years of age she wrote most graceful poets and most beloved women Latin verse with facility, and later in life of this country, died in New York on the 12th was extensively acquainted with German, of May, aged 36. She was the writer of sevFrench and Italian as well as English Liter-eral volumes of prose and verse, and a very ature. Among her writings, Summer on beautiful and nearly complete edition of her the Lakes,' Woman in the Nineteenth Cen- works appeared in Philadelphia in 1849. tury,' and 'Papers on Literature and Art' -JANE PORTER, the author of "The attained wide consideration; but the work Scottish Chiefs" and "Thaddeus of Waron Italy in 1848' and subsequently, to saw," died near Bristol, in England, at an which she had recently devoted herself, was advanced age, on the 24th of May. She lost with her in the wreck. She went to was never married. Europe in 1846, and in Italy married Count Giovanni D'Ossoli, a Roman, by whom she had one son, also lost with her. Of a masculine understanding and generous impulses, America has produced no other woman her equal in conversational power or general

·

ADONIRAM JUDSON, the laborious and successful Baptist Missionary, died at sea near the Isle of Bourbon, on the 12th of April.

-LOUIS PHILIPPE, Ex- King of the French, died at Claremont, England, on the 26th of August, aged 77.

EUROPE IN 1850

EIGHTEEN HUNDRED FORTY-NINE in Eu-[their election, but they were defeated by a rope was a year crowded with stirring and large majority. M. Vidal having been also momentous events; EIGHTEEN HUNDRED elected in another department, chose, accordFIFTY has been a year of collapse, intrigue, ing to agreement, to sit for that, and a new and expectation. Its history, as we have to election took place in June to fill the new give it in a manual for popular use, is thus vacancy thus created. The struggle was briefer and far less interesting. even more spirited than before. On the part

But there is this to be said in reference to of the Socialists it was carried on at a disadthese two years: Though they appear to vantage, matters having been so managed in contain little else than mighty defeats of the their nominating committee as to secure the People, and the constant labors of the mon- nomination of Eugene Sue, who was far from archs and their abettors to give consistency being the best man they could have brought and permanence to their regained authority, into the field. The other party were more no real success has crowned the efforts of the discreet, and ran against them M. Leclerc, a latter. Their dearest-bought victories have paper-dealer, whose associations connected been fruitless. For the truth is, that the con- him with the people more than with the sequences of all events irresistibly tell on the higher classes. Whatever money and inge. side of Freedom and Progress. The triumph nuity could do was done on their side. Whatof despotism is either sterile, or else yields ever force they could assemble was brought threefold calamity to those who welcomed it out. The result was their total defeat: Sue with blasphemous rejoicings. And, by the was returned by a large majority. sure compensations of Nature, in the social Hereupon the "party of Order" took the and political world rich harvests of Good ever alarm. They saw that the power was surely spring up from the black desolations of Evil. passing from their control, and that the operEurope is at this moment in a far more ation of universal suffrage must bring about promising condition, as respects the ultimate the permanent triumph of the democratic mas. establishment of complete Liberty and Jus- ses and of Socialism. Accordingly they detertice, than at any former period; and yet du- mined on the destruction of universal suffrage. ring this year we can record but one or two But, as the constitution expressly guarantied events which seem directly in favor of the this right, it was necessary to destroy it indipopular cause. rectly. The plan decided upon was to require Those events, it is scarcely necessary to a fixed residence of three years before any say, took place in Paris. They were contests citizen could be entitled to vote. A bill to as fierce as any yet waged in the streets of that effect was introduced into the Assemthat city; but the weapons were not cannon bly, discussed at length, and finally passed. and musketry, but votes. The occasions were Its effect was to disfranchise above two milelections to fill vacancies in the representa- lions of voters, composed mainly of the worktion in the Legislative Assembly. The first ing classes, whose necessities oblige them took place on the 10th of March last: the So- more frequently than others to change their cialist-Democrats put in nomination M. Car abodes. Soon after, a new blow was struck not, former Minister of Education under the at the liberty of the press, by subjecting it to Provisional Government; M. Vidal, a well- more severe restraints than ever. One of the known Socialist writer; and M. De Flotte, provisions of the new law was to compel evwho had been accused of participating in the ery article in the journals to be signed by its insurrection of June, 1848, and punished ac- writer, who, as well as the publisher, was cordingly without trial, but afterward par-made legally responsible therefor. This dedoned. The anti-republican party set up stroyed the anonymous character of editorial popular men, and made every effort to secure writing, and was loudly resisted by the press

with but few exceptions. The electoral law, | prince fled to Hanau, a frontier town of his on the other hand, had been sustained by all dominions. The diet of the quasi Confederthe reactionary newspapers. On occasion of ation ordered a Bavarian and Austrian army passing both these bills, the government at to enter Hesse Cassel and restore the Electempted to provoke the people into an insur- tor and "public order." Prussia in the meanrection, but in vain. Another outrageous while had sent an army into the Electorate measure was the donation to President Na to prevent the entry of the Confederative poleon of three millions of francs, in order to forces. While this was pending, a conferpay off his debts, and meet the expenses of ence had been held at Warsaw, under the his splendid household. This was opposed supervision of the Russian Emperor, to settle by many conservative members of the Assem- this difficulty, as well as others connected bly, but finally carried through. In the course with the internal affairs of Germany. Prusof the summer, President Napoleon traveled sia and Austria were both represented. It through a great portion of France, and was was there in fact decided that Prussia should every where received with public festivities. admit the pretensions of the quasi ConfederaHis personal popularity proved, however, to tion, though the verbal terms of the agreebe far less than he had hoped, and his plan ment were that matters should be allowed. for usurping the power and title of Emperor to remain exactly as they were, and that a gained but little encouragement. new conference should be held in Germany, The Annual Message of this functionary between Austria and Prussia, in order to arwas communicated to the Assembly in Novem- rive at a definitive settlement of the entire ber. It states that the financial deficit of the business. year 1850 will prove to be only one hundred millions of francs, and thinks that in the year 1851 the revenue will meet the expenses of the government. The effective force of the army is now 396,000 men and 87,400 horses, being a reduction of 55,000 men and 6,354 horses within the year. The naval force has now 125 vessels, instead of 235 which it had in 1848, and employs 22,561 men instead of 29,331. In foreign affairs, says the President, the honor of France has been fully main tained. In conclusion, he disclaims all desire to do aught against the Constitution and the will of the people, though he still leaves the question of revising the Constitution to the Assembly without once reminding them that that document expressly forbids them to authorize such a revision.

Conditions with reference to SchleswigHolstein were also imposed on Prussia. The armistice which at the close of last year existed between Prussia and the Duchies on the one hand, and Denmark on the other, had expired, and hostilities between the Duchies and Deumark had been resumed: but through the influence mainly of Russia, a treaty had been concluded at London, in the beginning of June, between the representatives of Denmark and Prussia, the latter acting in behalf of Germany. By this document Prussia and the other German powers had been obliged to refrain from directly aiding the Duchies, though at the same time collections of money had been set on foot in their favor among the German people, and volunteers had flocked to their standard from almost all of the GerIn GERMANY matters have remained through man states. Indeed, the commander-in-chief the year in a very chaotic state, until recently, in the Duchies was General Willisen, one when a crisis has been brought on, which is of the most distinguished of Prussian military but just disposed of Prussia attempted, in men. Under his auspices a bloody battle was a doubtful and vacillating way, to keep up fought at Idstedt, an obscure country town the Federal Union formed under its auspices, and having its seat at Erfurt. Austria, on the other hand, with Bavaria to sustain her, revived the old Confederation, having its central authority at Frankfort. The crisis was produced by the Elector of Hesse, who, The Warsaw ccnference decided that all aided by his prime-minister Hassenpflug, a indirect aid to the Duchies must cease, and man who had been tried and found guilty of they be resigned to the tender mercies of forgery and peculation, sought to overthrow Denmark. To all these requirements Count the constitution of that state. This prince Brandenburg, who represented Prussia at had always been extremely unpopular, as the conference, assented. When he reared had his ancestors before him. He was also to Berlin and laid them before the cabinet, in favor of the Frankfort Confederation, while the people were in favor of the Prussian Federal Union. The latter, with the judges, and almost the whole body of public officers, opposed the conspiracy of the Elector and his minister in a legal and orderly way, and the

in the north of Holstein, on the 24th of July. Neither party had a decided advantage. The Danes were commanded by General Krogh. There were about five thousand killed and wounded as the result of the battle.

there was a difference of opinion, General Radowitz, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, being opposed to yielding so much, and insist ing on calling out the army reserve and preparing for every eventuality. His view was negatived, and the decision of the Conference