of Janoji, before Mudhoji with his youthful son Raghoji the late king's nephew and heir by adoption, could reach Nagpur, Sabaji, another brother of Janoji, had usurped the government. He was succeeded by his son Parsoji-a man blind, lame, and paralysed. Very soon after his accession the new raja became totally imbecile, and it was necessary to appoint a regent. A few days after his departure the Raja was found dead in his bedpoisoned, by his cousin Appa Sahib. Immediately under the upper sandstone, laminated rocks are seen in all. In section 1st, the shales are bituminous and carbonaceous, while in section 2nd, they are of argillaceous sand. But they are of the same age, many species of fossils being common to both. Section 3rd, instead of having the limestone all collected in the lower part the section, as is the case at Nagpore and in many parts of the Nizam's country, has it interstratified with the shale; but the bituminous strata occupy the same position as in section 1st: choosing section 2nd, as being better known for comparison with it, instead of section 1st, gives us, in descending order sandstone and clay, red shale and limestone. It has been a question whether the fern-bearing coal shales and laminated sandstones of Nagpore are the same as the fish-producing bituminous shales of Kota. The Kota fishes that rewarded the researches of Drs. Walker and Bell were pro The Rev. Stephen Hislop of Nagpore, writing on the age of the coal strata in Western Bengal and Central India, observes that perhaps the most interesting part, in a section of the rocks of Central India, is the junction of the thick bedded sandstone above, with the laminated strata below. The latter, however various they may be in different localities as regards their lithologic and sometimes even their palæontologic features, may readily enough be distin-nounced by Sir P. Egerton to be true Oolitic guished by their relation to the superior beds, whose identity again is sufficiently attested by the iron bands which run through their mass. This ferruginous sandstone is well developed at the Mahadeva Hills, in the north of the province of Nagpore, in the vicinity of the city itself, and at Kota on the Pranhita, in the dominions of the Nizam. The subjoined sections represent the succession of the strata at these places respectively, as far as they are known: forms, and probably of the age of the Lias; between Nagpore and Chanda, the upper sandstone has the usual iron bands, and the lower laminated beds the common vegetable remains, there is a district with Mangali as the centre (sixty miles S. of Nagpore) where the superior sandstone is less ferruginous, and the inferior or laminated beds are coloured by iron of a deep brick red. In the latter strata the remains of reptiles, fishes and entomostraca predominate, while the few vegetables that are found, are generally very different from those occurring in other parts of the Nagpore territory. The skull of a Labyrinthodont, named Brachyops laticeps by Owen, might suggest for it a Triassic or even Carboniferous age, but the plentifulness of scales of lepidotoid fishes forbids us to assign a more ancient epoch than the Jurassic; and the conclusion is unavoidable, not that our laminated sandstone is older than the age we have attributed to it, but that in India any Labyrinthodont family has come down to a more recent period than in Europe. The vegetable remains are Tæniopteris, Equisetum laterale, Tæniopteris magnifolia, Phylothecas, Knorria, Lepidodendron, Aphyllum, Aspidiara, Entomostraca belonging to the genus Estheria. In the bituminous shales of the Mahadevas we have the following Bengal fossil plants: Tryzygia speciosa, Vertebraria indica, and a species of Phyllotheca, a fragment of which is figured by Dr. McCelland as Poacites minor. Geol. Surv. Tab. XVI. f. 4. In the carbonaceous shales of Umret, besides the Phyllotheca now alluded to, another stem, but unfurrowed, which seems to resemble McClelland's Poacites muricata Tab. XIV. f. 6. In the laminated sandstone of Kamptee, in addition to Vertebraria and the two Poacites as above, Tæniop teris, perhaps of the same species as at Rajmahal, and McClelland's Pecopteris affinis, Tab. XII. f. 11. b., which in Nagpore is a well marked species with a tripinnate frond. In all these localities the genus Glossopteris abounds. Nagpore seems to have outstripped North Eastern India in Cyclopteris and several other vegetable remains, but is decidedly behind in regard to the Cycadaceae. The only specimen procured is a small fragment from the sandstone of Kamptee, the leaflets of which are narrower than a minute blade of grass. Though amongst the Cutch oolitic strata some are evidently marine, yet from what Mr. Hyslop had seen of those in the Deccan or those in Bengal, none of them in either of these districts exhibit the least evidence of having been deposited in the sea or ocean: all seem to be of fresh-water origin. In Chanda and Berar, one of the great sources of doubt as to the extent of the coal deposits rose from the fact that the beds in the group of rocks in which the coal here occurs (known to Indian Geologists as the Barakur group) had invariably a tendency to exhibit very great variations both in thickness and quality within short distances. They are often of great thickness locally, but thin out and nearly disappear within short distances: this variation also being not only in the thickness, but also in the quality of the beds, so that what shows as a bed of good coal in one place may, within a few yards or a few hundred yards, pass into a shale without coal or even into a sandstone. Coal was found about fifteen miles north of Dumagudiam, near the junction of the Tal river near Lingala. Mr. Medlicott is of opinion that the present limits of the coal measure fields in North India coincide approximately with the original limits of deposition and are not the result of faulting, or even mainly of denudation. All these successive beds (possibly with the exception of the Talchir) representing an enormous lapse of time, agree in one respect, that they seem to be purely fresh-water (fluviatile or fluviolacustrine) or estuarine deposits. The Ranigunj, the Jherria, the Bokaro, the Ramghur, and the Karunpura fields all belong to the drainage basin of the Damudah river. Jashpur to Ranchi, consist of metamorphic rocks with the exception of a cap of trap and laterite on Main Pat. Indications of the existence of coal seams were afforded by the occurrence of fragments of coal in the rivers, especially in the Mand, he found a few seams near Chitra, twelve miles west of Rabkub and nearly thirty east of Korba. Two or three are seen in the Mand about three to four miles east-north-east of Chitra, but they are only from a foot to 18 inches in thickness. In a small stream, the Koba Naddi, which runs south of Chitra, one seam about three feet in thickness is seen near the village of Tendumuri, more than a mile south-west of Chitra. It is nearly horizontal, having a very low irregular dip to the west or south-west. Part consists of fair coal, the remainder is shaley. The only seam examined from which it is possible that a useful supply of fuel might be obtained, is exposed in the same stream rather nearer to Chitra, being about a mile from that village, close to the boundary of the village of Tendumuri, it appears to be of considerable thickness, perhaps 20 feet, and the lower portion appeared to be fair in places. The dip is about 15° to north-north-west. Lieutenant Sale, of the Chota Nagpur Topographical Survey found a seam of coal about four miles north-west of Rabkub in a small stream running into the Mand, and this may be the source of the blocks in the river bed. Several coal localities have been lately found by the officers of the Topographical Survey and recorded in their maps. They are all north of Korba and Udipur. The rajah of Jashpur told that coal occurred in his territory in the Khurea country, twenty-four miles north-west of Jashpur Nagar, about one hundred miles or rather more west by south of Rancih. The Rev.Stephen Hislop makes the following remarks on the age of the fossiliferous, thinbedded sandstone and coal of the province of Nagpur. Nagpur Circle.-If with a radius of 14 miles a circle be drawn around the city of Nagpur, it will include within its northern half Kampti, Bokhara, Silewada, Tondak'heiri, Babulkheda and Bharatnada; but it will leave out Arajmet, which lies 20 miles west of NagMr. W. T. Blanford reports that the coalbear-pur, and Chorkheiri, which is 35 miles to the ing (Damoodah) beds of Korba extend for about forty miles to the eastward, as far as Rubkub in Udipur (Oodeypore). They also extend far to the south-east towards Gangpur, and to the northwards towards Sirguja, and in all probability are continuous, or nearly so, with the deposits of the same nature known to occur in these districts. Main Pat and the neighbouring hills, and all the country on the road from Main Pat through Chandargarh and north-east, while Chanda is situated 85 miles to the south. At all these places the thin-bedded sandstone with vegetable remains is the same, as it presents the same appearance both palæontological and lithological. Barkoi and Mahadeva Hills. He ascertained that this thin-bedded sandstone is identical with the coal-shale at Little Barkoi near Umret, and at the base of the Mahadeva Hills, in the N. N. W. part of Nagpur province. Kota on the Pranhita.-Under a great thickness of coarse iron-banded sandstone, developed in the neighbouring hills we have thin-bedded strata abounding, as at Mangali, in animal remains, including, Lepidotus deccanensis, L. longiceps, L. breviceps, and Echmo-lus egertoni, in addition to those ganoid fishes obtained by the late Drs. Walker and Bell, Mr. Hislop procured from the same locality the exuvia of insects and entomostraca. He inferred their contemporaneousness, and from the discovery of what appears to be a species of glossopteris at Kota, he was led to the conclusion that the rocks there are connected in age with those near Nagpur. Rajmahal Hills.-The equivalents of the upper Rajmahal beds have been met with by Mr. H. B. Medlicott, on the Hurd river, a little south of the Nerbudda. According to Dr. Oldham's views the age of the Indian coal-fields between the parallels of 20° and 25° N., is upper carboniferous of a rather later stage than that of the coal measures of Britain, and more closely allied to the "fern-coal" series of Silesia. Some doubts have been expressed as to the correctness of this view, at least of the age of the Silesian coal-fields, which are known to rest on limestones containing large Producti and other fossils of the carboniferous limestone. The following is a brief summary of the formation of the Indian Peninsula in ascending order as described by Dr. Oldham : 1. Laurentain granitoid gneiss-highly metamorphic and traversed by innumerable trap dykes. This is the floor of all the other formations. 2. Quartzose, micaceous, and hornblendic rocks much contorted. 3. Lower Silurian, or Cambrian.-Sub-metamorphic schists and massive conglomerates of local rocks. These rocks occur in the eastern ghauts. 4. Devonian.-The Vindhyan series, principally sandstones, distributed into four groups. 5. Carboniferous-(a.) Mountain limestone of the salt range, classified as such from the fossils collected by Dr. Fleming.-(b.) The Talcheer series, sandstones of a peculiar character and colour, resting on a "boulder bed," or ancient shingle beach.-(c.) The coal-bearing rocks of India forming the coalfields of Damuda, Nerbudda, &c. 6. Permian? or intermediate.-Beds with reptilian remains, representing in Dr. Oldham's opinion the physical break between the paleozoic and mesozoic periods of Europe. It is indicated here as doubtfully permian. 7. Triassic, upper and lower.-In this latter there are beds of limestone with ceratites (muschelkalk?) 8. Rhaetic Beds-with characteristic fossils. 9. Liassic Group-divided into an upper and lower series. 10. Jurassic Group-with cycadeæ. Divided into upper, middle and lower stages. 11. Cretaceous Series-with fine forms of ammonites and other shells. 12. Eocene.-(a.) Nummulitic limestones. (b). Fresh water deposits of lakes, over and through which sheets of lava have been erupted. 13. Miocene.-Laterite, and other strata of several kinds. 14. Pliocene.--Ossiferous gravels, clays, &c. 15. Recent.-Gravels, clays, and mud of rivers, &c. It is impossible to go over the above great series of beds so truly representative as they are of the European system, and presenting often in minute detail a marked correspondence with the English sub-divisions and formations without being struck with the wonderful uniformity of nature's operations in ancient times over vast portions of the globe. The stratigraphical resemblances are also not less remarkable than the paleontological for the genera and some species of fossils of the triassic, liassic and cretaceous formations are identical with those of Europe. The great drainage basin of the Godavery includes Nagpur, Bhandara, Wardah, Chanda and Sironcha. These districts have no considerable elevation, Nagpur and Bhandara are principally on gneissose rocks, with much trap in Nagpur. Wardah is almost entirely on trap rocks; Chanda and Sironcha have a very varied structure including more or less of all the formations that have been named. The crystalline and metamorphic rocks consist of gneiss of different varieties, often highly granitoid and form the substratum of the whole area, and are seen all around the border of the trappean rocks. The Nagpore district has a population 634,121 : Europeans .. .. Maratha, Kunbi and cognates.. Vidur (illegitimate brahmins) Gond with a few Kurku and Bhil.. 2,462 177,183 118,019 114,407 106,483 17,118 26,597 3,458 5,094 5,203 30,698 27,371 28 The language is a mixture of Hindi and NAHARAINA, Marathi. The bulk of the population worship | seven miles in circuit; it is 85 miles to the Siva as Mahadeva. The agriculturists are chiefly the Kunbi, Marathi, Pardesi, Teli, Lodhi, Mali, Barai, and Pardhan, of whom the Kunbi is the best and the most numerous. The Koshti and Dher are weavers. Bhuhar or Boyar race, are in the north of Chota Nagpur. The Government of India constituted a separate Chief Commissionership from the Nagpore Province and the Saugor and Nerbudda territories, which was designated the Central Provinces, and is administered on a system similar, in most respects, to that which exists the Punjab and in Oudh. The following districts are comprised in the Central Provinces:NAGPORE PROVINCES, VIZ. Nagpore. Chanda. Bhundara. Chindwarra. Raepore, (Chuttees- With dependencies of Dumoh. Nursingpore. vince are as under: Tectona grandis, Teak, ENG. Sagwan, HIND. Theaka marum, TAM. Pterocarpus marsupium, Bejasar or Bejasal, HIND. Bheulah, MAHR. Vengay marum, TAM, Pentaptera tomentosa Eyne, HIND. Ain or Eyne, MAHR. Marudam marum, TAM. Diospyros ebenum, Tendoo, HIND. Taimaram or Tendoo, MAHR. Toombie maram, TAM. Gmelina arborea, Seevum or Seeven, HIND. MAHR. Coommy marum, TAM. Bassia latifolia, Mowah, HIND. Moho, MAHR. Terminalia chebula. Hurra or Hurda, HIND., Kaducai marum, TAM. Pilla murdah marum, TAM. Acacia odoratissima, Sirsa, HIND. Chechooah or sunkœur (?) GOND. Sirris, MAHR. Curry vaugay maram, TAM. Erythrina indica, Paunjerah, HIND. Moochoo maram, TAM. Conocarpus latifolia,Thoura, HIND. MAHR., Vellay naga marum, TAM. Swietenia febrigufa, Rohun, HIND. Rohuni, MAHR. TAM. Acacia arabica, Babool, HIND. Curvalia marum, TAM. Babool, MAHR. Butea Gibsonii. (?) Dhamin, HIND. Dhamun, MAHR. Cedrela toona. Thoon. HIND., MAHR., Thoona marum, TAM. Pentaptera arjoona, Arjoon or Unjen, HIND. Dalbergia—(:) Thevus, HIND., MAHR. Derea or Dareah, HIND. Bhera, MAHR. Nauclea (?) Bahdah or Behra or Bhada, HIND. Hirida, MAHR. Dhewus, Dhaves, HIND, MAHR. Vatica robusta. Saul. north of Chanda. It is the head-quarters of the Chief Commissioner: the British Military Cantonment of Kamptee is in its neighbourhood. The Bhonsla rajas of Nagpur commenced in 1734, when Raghoji Bhonsla was nominated Sena Sahib Suba or general of the Mahratta confederacy. The family became extinct in 1865 during the administration of Lord Dalhousie, on the demise of Goozur, grandson of Raghoji, who, in 1818, had been seated on the throne when Mudaji (Appa Sahib) was deposed. Nagpur is situated in an extensive plain, and is, strictly speaking, an open city. A rampart in the usual native style, with occasional round towers, had on some former occasion been commenced, but had in no place been carried to a greater height than eight feet, and is in general less. The extent of the city, as defined by this unfinished rampart, is scarcely three miles, but the suburbs, which run close up to the city wall, are not less than seven miles in circumference, extending chiefly on the north and cast sides, and not exceeding 400 yards in depth on the west and south.-History of the Sikhs, Capt. Cunningham, p. 35; Quarterly Journal of Geological Society, Vol. xvii, August 1861, pp. 47, 48, 49, 346; Vol. xi, p. 555. NAEK, or Naidu, many of the Tiling race are called Naidu, the plural of Naik, an honoThe bulk of the Tiling sudra race take this rific term applied to masters or chiefs of tribes. honorific appellation, see Naik. NAGRANGA, also Jambira, SANS. Citrus aurantium, Linn. NAGRE, HIND. Arundinaria falcata. NAGUA, or Nuka, see Hindoo. figures half-serpent, half-woman. The Gras is NAGUR MOOTHA, also Nagur Muthi, NAHANI, HIND., of Ravi, Valeriana hardwickii, Wall. NAHAR of Central India. Felis tigris. Linn. NAHARAINA, or Nahrain, the Neharajimi of the scriptures; in Syriac, Nahrim, is a pure Semitic word, signifying the country between Nagpur town is large and straggling, about the two rivers, the Mesopotamia of the Greeks, the Jezirah, or island of the Arabs and the Doab of India.—Layard Nineveh, Vol. ii, p. 225. NAHI CADAGHOO, TAM. Polanisia icosandra W, and A., also Polanisia viscosa. NAHIR, a strath, the Mahadeo Koli reside in the valleys of the Syhadri range, extending from Moosa S. W. to Poona, northwards to Trimbuk, the source of the Godavery river, between lat. 15° 15′ and 20° N. and long. 73 and 74° E. These small valleys are known as Mawil, Khorah, Nahir and Dang, i. e., valleys, glens, straths and wilds. The Mahadeo Koli are classed into 24 kula or clans, each of which has many subdivisions. Their numbers in 1837, were estimated at about 50,000 souls. The members of the same Kula do not intermarry. With the exception of the cow and village hog, the Koli eat all other animals. The women are generally slender and well formed with a pleasing expression of features and some are very pretty. They are chaste and have large families. The Koli are fond of charms and amulets.---Captain Mackintosh in Madras Lit. Soc. Journ. See Koli. NAHI UROOVI, TAM. Achyranthes aspera. NAH-00, BURM. This tree of Burmah, attains a diameter of eighteen or twenty inches. Blossom very beautiful and fagrant, yellow, size of a large rose; grows only in wet places. Timber is very worthless. Ovis NAHOOR, or Nervate, also Sna, TIB. aries. The Nahoor, if not identical, is very closely allied to the burrel of the Borendo pass. It is called the nahoo in Ladakh, and is the sna of Tibet; and, judging from the quantity of its horns on the chaits and cairns of both countries, it would appear to be their most common wild ruminant, Mr. Blyth's distinctions between the two sorts of burrel have reference chiefly to the form of the horn. He says the burrel is more rounded, the annual dents are better marked, with larger bulgings between them.-Adams. NAHOR, grandfather of Abraham, who set out from Ur of the Chaldees.--Bunsen. NAHOWN, the fairy bath. NAHR, HIND, ARAB,, a canal. | pipe, &c., and Anban or Anbanah, a bag made of the skin taken entire off a sheep. It is a musical instrument not often seen in Persia beyond the Garmsir (or “ warm region") about Bushahr. In sound as in make it resembles the bag-pipe; which is expressed by its name, nai ambanah, or according to the usual pronunciation here, nai amboonah.-Ouseley's Travels, Vol. i, p. 241. NAIA TRIPUDIANS, Merr, the Cobra di Capello snake, common in all parts of British India, Ceylon, the Malay peninsula. There are several varieties, see Cobra, Naga, Ophidia, Reptiles. NAIA-VELI, TAM. Polanisia icosandra; W. and A. NAIB, ARAB., a deputy; plural, Nawab: Nabob. NAI-CARANA, HORT. MAL. Cowitch; Mucuna pruriens. NAICHA or Necha, HIND. The mouth-piece and drawing tube of a hukka. NAIDAM PAINI, the Malayala name of a tree which means long Paini. It grows to about two feet in diameter, and seventy feet high, and produces a sort of varnish which is used with wood-oil for paint or wood. The natives use the spars for rafting timber down the rivers, and for the yards of small vessels. It is a wood of little value, being neither strong nor durable.-Edye. Mal. Can. NAIDU, a division of the Tiling sudra race. NAIGA PAHARIAH, see India. NAIGRE SEED, an article of export from Malabar; it is probably the name of the seed of Pongamia glabra. NAIK, a division of the Tiling sudras, commonly stated Naidu as Lutchman Naidu. Also the titulary distinction of the Bhil chieftains. NAI-KADUGA, TAM. Cleome viscosa. NAI-KADUGOO, TAM. Gynandropsis pentaphylla.-D. C. W. and A. NAIKAN, a slave class in Karnata.- Wils. Hook. NAIKER, see Naek; Naidoo, Polyandry. NAIKRA, a tribe in the hills of Udipur NAHRI, HIND, of Jhang district, &c. Canal said to be like the Bhil, but less humanized. watered land. NAHUS, see Bactria. NAI, HIND. Arundo donax, also Hordeum hexastichum, NAI, SINDHI, IS synonimous with the Italian "fiumara;" being the bed of a mountain stream, generally dry but converted by a few hours rain into a raging torrent. Arrian mentions the loss incurred by Alexander's army in consequence of encamping too close to one of these channels.-Richard F. Burton's Sindh, p. 391. NAI-AMBANA, PERS. Nai, signifies a reed, -Campbell, pp. 30 45-6. NAI-KUDE, a Gond tribe that inhabit the jungles on both banks of the Pain Ganga, especially in the tract between Digaras and Umarkher and found about Aparawapet and as far as Nirmul. They have adopted the hindu dress and will not eat beef; but they live by the chase, cut wood and grass and are a terror to their neighbourhood, by their depredations. NAI KUDUGA, TAM. Gynandropsis pentaphylla, D.C. NAI KUTTEN KAI, MALEAL. Fruits of Sapindus emarginatus.. |