(15) The second person singular is seldom used. The form used with all the other persons is invariably the same. (16) MUST may be united in the conjugation with CAN and May, if the teacher pleases. The young learner ought to inflect each form separately; thus, I may write, Thou mayst write, &c. I can write, Thou canst write, &c.

EXERCISES ON THE CONDITIONAL OR POTENTIAL MODE.

EXERCISES

I., II., &c.—Write propositions similar to the preceding, with the verbs in the different tenses of the conditional mode.

§ 62. COMPOUND FORMS MADE WITH THE VERB TO BE.-(1) The verb to be has the same compound tenses as other verbs, except that it does not admit of the forms compounded with the verb Do; neither the emphatic, the interrogative, nor the negative form. It has besides the simple tenses already exhibited, the perfect tense, I have been; the past perfect, I had been; the future, I shall or will be; the future perfect, I shall have been; the conditional tenses I may or can be, I may or can have been; and the hypothetical tenses, I might, could, would, or should be, I might, &c., have been. It is not necessary to exhibit all these tenses at full length, as they will be sufficiently exhibited in the conjugation of the two compound forms, made by uniting the various tenses of this verb with the imperfect and the perfect participles. If it is thought necessary to go through the whole conjugation of the verb to be separately, it can be learnt from these compound conjugations, by omitting the participles.

THE PROGRESSIVE FORM OF THE VERB.-(2) By combining the imperfect or progressive participle with the tenses of the verb TO BE, we constitute what may be called the progressive form of the several verbs. (3) This form combines the significance of the several tenses of the verb TO BE with the action of the verb (whose participle is united with them) in its incomplete or progressive condition. (4) In

rather hypothetically, but with this difference, that were implies strongly that the condition does not exist, should be implies contingency. The last is little different from the future with shall. It may be regarded as a kind of

(15) Repeat the remark in reference to the 2d person singular. The remark in reference to the other persons. (16) Repeat the remark in reference to must. And in reference to the mode of inflecting these forms.

§ 62. (1) Repeat the substance of what is said about the compound tenses of the verb to be?

(2) Describe the progressive forms of the verb. (3) What is said of the significance of these forms? (4) What does this form in fact amount to?

fact it amounts to nothing more or less, than the completing of the verb TO BE by the imperfect or progressive participle (or perhaps rather by the verbal noun, see below, § 64), precisely as it is completed by any other adjective.

We exhibit the passive form of the verb, together with the progressive form, since they differ only as to the participle employed in combination with the several tenses of the verb to be. In the passive form we employ the perfect participle. For remarks on the purposes which the passive form serves, see § 47.

We have arranged the following table so as to exhibit at once the conjugation of the verb to be, so far as is necessary to enable the learner to repeat the whole. We stop in each tense when we come to that point beyond which there occurs no further variation of the form. The learner will supply what is omitted by repeating the proper subject for each person, with the form last presented to the end of the tense. The conjugation of the verb to be should first be repeated by itself, and afterwards with each of the participles separately through all the tenses; thus making three distinct conjugations to be prepared and recited separately.

VERB TO BE, AND PROGRESSIVE AND PASSIVE FORMS OF TO Call.

softened future, a future with a doubt implied. "I will deliver your message, if I SHOULD ARRIVE in time, expresses, perhaps, more uncertainty of my arriva than if I shall, &c.

Sing. 1. I might, could, would, or should be Calling,

2. Thou mightst, couldst, &c.,

3. He might, could, &c.,

Plur. 1. We might, &e

Called

46

We add the verbals formed by the combination of the verbals of TO BE with the perfect participles of other verbs.

REMARK.-What we have called the passive form is generally called the passive voice of verbs.

We have given above and in the conjugation of the perfect tenses the compound infinitives and the compound participles. We may here add that the verbal in ing is also often compounded in the same way, and for the same reason as the verbs and participles, viz., because of the nature of the conception which all three in common express. As the auxiliary is the real verb in compound tenses, so in infinitives, participles and verbals in ing the first auxiliary is that which gives the grammatical name to the compound. It is that which serves as the basis of the expression, the participles or infinitives added are really modifications. We give examples of compound verbals in ing. BEING excessively PRAISED is injurious, especially to the young. Here the compound verbal being praised, is the subject noun. HAVING PRACTISED obedience, is an excellent preparation for exercising authority over others. Here having practised is subject noun, modified by obedience-objective modification. (See § 76: 32.)

A verbal in ing analogous to the passive compound infinitive, is sometimes employed. The having been educated in that institution, affords a presumption in favor of his scholarship. We may give examples of these compound verbals used in other functions. "Much depends on the rule's being observed, and error will be the consequence of its being neglected." Most of these forms are clumsy, and therefore avoided by writers of delirate taste.

EXERCISES I., II., &c.-Write a given number of propositions formed with the compound tenses of the verb to be.

EXERCISES III., IV., &c.-Write a given number of propositions with the tenses of the progressive form of the verb.

EXERCISES V., VI., &c.-Write a given number of propositions with the passive form of the verb.

The verbs in all these exercises to be varied as much as possible The exercises to be repeated according to the judgment of the instructor.

The learner may pass over the following observations on the auxiliaries, and on the use of the past tenses in hypothetical propositions, till he comes to the subject of conditional and hypothetical propositions in the chapter on accessory propositions. Both the conditional and hypothetical forms given in the table § 64, and the following remarks, are to be carefully studied in connection with what we shall say on the latter subject. See § 137.

§ 63. ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON THE AUXILIARIES WILL, SHALL, MAY, CAN, AND THEIR PAST FORMS, WOULD, SHOULD, &C., AND ON THEIR USE IN CONDITIONAL AND HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITIONS.

Will (auxiliary) and shall, though of the indefinite form, are employed, as is seen in treating of the future tense, to predicate future actions or events. Would and should retain the original sense of will and shall; that is to say, would expresses determination, or volition, and should duty, obligation, generally, but not always, in propositions either expressing a condition, or depending on a condition. For example, I would go, or I should go, if I could; and I could go, if I would. In the same manner may and might are used to express possibility, or the having permission, license, &c., and can and could to express power; as, I may help him, if I can find him; I might help him, if 1 could find him; both propositions expressing the possibility of helping the person indicated by him, on condition of possessing the power to find him. The difference in the meaning between the condition expressed by if I can, and if I could, will be considered presently.

It is important to remark that, what we have presented (both in the conjugation of will, shall, may, can, separately, and in the conjugation of the compound conditional tenses (§ 61) formed with may, can, might, &c.), as past forms are generally only past in form, not in signification. They rarely, of themselves, indicate past time, though they are often employed in speaking of past events. That the time of the events is past is usually indicated either by a word expressive of past time, or by the tense of the verb in the accompanying proposition; as, Last year he could do that; John said he might, could, would, should do so. Here, in both examples, a past time is indicated, but in the one