these, it is evident that the adjective is the primary word, and the abstract noun the derivative. (36) The adjectives appear, therefore, at least in all the instances enumerated, and in all like cases, to be an older part of the language than the corresponding abstract nouns. (37) On the other hand, some adjectives are formed from abstract nouns; as, from virtue comes virtuous, &c.; and many adjectives are formed from concrete nouns; as, from gold, golden; wood, wooden; fool, foolish, and from this again the abstract foolishness.]

EXERCISES I., II., III., &c.-Find a given number of adjectives expressive of qualities or properties ascertainable by the several senses, arranged under each sense in order; the same also in regard to the adjectives expressive of spiritual, mental and animal qualities; placing after each adjective an appropriate noun.

We have said, perhaps, enough for the present of the nature of descriptive adjectives; we proceed next to treat of the grammatical functions which they perform in language, and after this we shall consider their modifications.

§ 86. (1) Descriptive adjectives are used for two purposes, 1st, to complete nouns, 2d, to complete verbs.

1st. THE DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE USED TO COMPLETE NOUNS. -The learner has already acquired some knowledge of this use of the descriptive adjective from the preceding remarks, and from the examples introduced, and the exercises which have been prescribed. (2) We may, if we please, call this the attributive use of the adjective, since it expresses some attribute or property represented as inherent in the object denoted by the noun to which it is attached. (3) The adjective and noun together express not two objects, but a single object, qualified in the way expressed by the adjective. (4) The adjective may be regarded as constituting an essential part of the whole name of the object which we contemplate. (5) In the phrase, A bay horse, the word bay is as essential a part of the name of what I intend to indicate as the word horse. (6) Hence, déscrip

What is evident in regard to the adjectives in all these examples? (36) Which in these in stances is the oldest part of the language-the adjectives or the abstract nouns. (37) Are adjectives ever formed from abstract nouns? Examples. Are any formed from concrete nouns? Examples.]

§ 86. (1) Mention the two great purposes for which descriptive adjectives are used. (2) What may we call the first use? and state the reason. (3) What do the adjective and noun together express? (4) How may the adjective be regarded? (5) Illustrate by an example. (6) Repeat what is said about descriptive adjectives being accounted concrete words.

tive adjectives are accounted concrete words, as growing with or aà hering to a real substance, in opposition to the abstract nouns which. denote qualities or properties abstracted or considered separately from the substances and other properties with which they co-exist.

(7) We may call this form of modification, THE DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE MODIFICATION OF NOUNS,

(8) The noun modified or completed by a descriptive adjective may be either the subject noun of a proposition or a noun used for the purpose of modification. (9) If it be the subject noun, the assertion is made, not of what the noun alone denotes, but of what the noun and adjective together denote. (10) If it be a noun employed for modification, the meaning of the principal word is not modified by what the noun alone denotes, but by what the noun and adjective together denote. (11) For example, A good conscience is an inestimable treasure. It is not of conscience that the assertion in this proposition is made, but of a good conscience. And it is not by treasure, but by inestimable treasure that the verb is is completed.

(12) The usual place of the descriptive adjective in English is immediately before the noun which it completes. (13) When the adjective itself is attended by a noun and preposition modification, or by an infinitive modification, it is generally placed after the noun to avoid confusion. Thus, we say, A man desirous of glory. We could not, without great awkwardness and confusion, say, A desirous of glory man. We say, A man addicted to falsehood; and not An addicted to falsehood man.

(14) Often more than one adjective is employed to complete the same noun. (15) Sometimes two or more adjectives are applied independently of each other to the same word, each giving it a separate modification. Adjectives thus applied are usually connected by conjunctions. For example, A WISE and GOOD ruler ought to be respected. Here wise and good, independently of each other, modify the noun

(7) What may we call the form of modification made by applying a descriptive adjective to a noun ?

(E) What remark is made in reference to the noun thus modified? (9) To what does the assertion apply when the subject noun is modified by an adjective? (10) What is said of a modifying noun accompanied by an adjective? (11) Illustrate by an example.

(12) What place does the descriptive adjective usually occupy in the arrangement of a proposition? (13) What exception to the usual arrangement? Give examples and illus

tration.

(14) Can several adjectives be used to complete the same noun? (15) How are two or

ruler. This species of compound modification we shall notice hereafter, when we have first considered the functions performed by the class of words called conjunctions. (16) But there is another case of the application of two adjectives in modifying the same noun, which may be considered here; viz., when one of the adjectives modifies the noun as already completed by the other adjective. (17) For example, A pretty wooden bowl; here wooden is the more intimate modification of the word bowl, and the adjective pretty does not modify bowl separately, but the words wooden bowl. (18) Pretty may be called the more remote . modification. We may add that the determinative a is a still more re`mote modification applied to the noun as modified by the two descriptive adjectives. (19) The more intimate complement is placed nearest in the order of arrangement to the principal word, the most remote farthest from it; or, in other words, each modifying word precedes that part of the phrase which it modifies. This may be exhibited to the eye in writing, thus: a [pretty (wooden bowl)]; or, in analysis, thus: [(Bowl n-mod. by wooden des. a.) mod. by pretty des. a] mod. by a det. a. ; to be read thus, the noun bowl is modified by the descriptive adjective wooden, wooden bowl by the descriptive adjective pretty, and pretty wooden bowl by the determinative adjective a.* (20) Two descriptive adjectives.

* When we express the analysis of a passage in writing, it will be necessary, in order to secure perspicuity, to follow invariably the same order of arrangement. The arrangement which we recommend is, to place whatever applies to a single principal word immediately after it, and when a modification applies to any combination of words, let these words be included within parenthetic marks, as above, or under à vinculum, and let what applies to such combination be written immediately after the close of the parenthesis or termination of the vinculum. Whatever thus immediately follows parenthetic marks, is to be considered as applied to the expression which they include. Thus, in the above example, the words, modified by pretty des. a., apply to the combination (Bowl, n. md. by wooden des. a.); and the words, mod. by a det. a., apply to the whole combination [(Bowl, n. md. by wooden, des. a.) md. by pretty des. a.] By means of the parenthetic marks thus employed, and the abbreviations adopted to express the several forms of modification, a satisfactory analysis can be written with considerable brevity and per spicuity.

more adjectives sometimes applied to the same word? Ilow usually connected? Illustrate by an example. (16) Mention another case of the application of two adjectives to the same word. (17) Illustrate by an example. (18) What is said of the modification pretty in the example? (19) What is said of the order of arrangement of such complements, or modifications? (20) What remark is made about the use of two adjectives in this way? (21)

are not very often employed in this way, but determinatives, as we shall find, are very frequently applied to nouns affected by a descriptive adjective, so as to modify or limit the united adjective and noun. (21) Nouns modified by a noun adjectively employed expressive of the material of which an object is made, or, as some consider them in this use, adjectives expressing the material, are often, together with their more intimate complement, modified by an additional adjective. For example, An [expensive (gold watch.)] A beautiful marble statue. An elegant silver lamp, &c. (22) Many examples might be given in which the more intimate modification is an adjective expressing the country in which an article is produced or manufactured. A superb French clock; a valuable English watch; A beautiful Turkisk carpet; An elegant Etruscan vase, &c. (23) The following are examples of a different class: A rich gilded ceiling. The beautiful blue sky.

(24) The learner should remark that the practice of suppressing the conjunction between adjectives which are really intended as distinct modifications of a noun is common, especially with the poets. For example, The deep blue sea. This does not mean the blue sea which is deep, but the sea which is both blue and deep. "The deep unclouded sky," meaning the sky which is both deep and unclouded.

[(25) There is another construction often employed by the poets, which must be distinguished from those mentioned above. This is the use of an adjective adverbially to modify another adjective. (26) This poetic. use may be illustrated by the following example: "The deep rooted mountains," &c. Here the word deep (generally employed as a descriptive adjective) modifies neither mountains taken separately nor the combined words rooted mountains. It is not implied by the expression that the mountains are deep, nor that the rooted mountains are deep, but that the mountains are deep-rooted, equivalent to deeply rooted. Consequently, deep performs the function of modifying an adjective-a function usually ascribed exclusively to adverbs.

(27) We may also remark, that descriptive abjectives have, in many cases, become so united with nouns as to form with them one word. Such words may be treated in analysis as nouns, or compound

Repeat what is said about nouns modified by a noun adjectively employed? Illustrate by an example. (22) Of what might numerous examples be given? (23) Give examples in which the more intimate modification is not expressive of country.

(24) What fact is the learner warned to remark? Illustrate by examples.

[(25) Mention another distinct purpose for which adjectives are used by the poets. (26 Illustrate this poetic use fully by an example.

(27) State what is said of compound words formed of an adjective and a noun modified by it. Illustrate by examples.]

nouns. We have examples in smallcraft, blackberry, blackbird, whitelead, whitewash, &c.]

(28) The functions of participles are the same as those of descriptive adjectives. We subjoin a few examples for analysis. We mark, as usual, the words which the learner should now be able to analyze.

EXERCISE I.-Wise men profit by the sad experience of fools. Idle boys seldom become useful men. The white rose was the emblem of the house of York. The red rose was the emblem of the house of Lancas

ter.

"Our dying friends come o'er us like a cloud

To damp our brainless ardors."-Young.

"Now morn, her rosy steps in the eastern clime

Advancing, sowed the earth with orient pearl.- Milt.

EXERCISES II., III., &c.-A given number of propositions containing examples of descriptive adjectives.

§ 87. (1) We have already had occasion to notice incidentally that adjectives are frequently employed substantively; we must here bring this fact more directly under the consideration of the learner. (2) The largest class of adjectives substantively employed, are those with which the noun men, or persons, &c., is implied. (3) Such are the rich, the poor, the wise, the learned, the rude, the vulgar, the noble, the good, the virtuous, the vicious, the just, the pious, &c., &c., equivalent to rich men, poor men, &c. (4) No other noun is suppressed with such words except men or persons, and hence, by conventional usage, they serve the.double function of denoting objects, and, at the same time, qualifying them, or, in other words, they signify objects with an accompanying and distinguishing property. (5) In such cases the property, or qualification, is that which is most important-that which is intended to be expressed with emphasis. (6) Such terms are all concrete, they are used to denote substances, not abstract properties.

(28) What is said of the functions of participles, or verbal adjectives?

§ 87. (1) To what fact is the attention of the learner here called? (2) What is said o. the largest class of adjectives employed substantively? (3) Mention a number of examples. (4) What noun is always suppressed after adjectives thus employed? And what double function do these adjectives serve? (5) What is remarked of the qualification expressed by the adjective in such contracted forms of expression? (6) To which class of nouns do such terms belong?