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mentary of the verb or of the predicate; in other words, as a part only, and Lot the whole of the predicate.

For the same reason assigned above, we do not subjoin numerous examples for analysis. We rather leave the learner to furnish his own examples of this very plain and familiar construction, assured that this will prove no difficult task.

(13) All that is necessary to be said in analysis in reference to the adjective in a construction of this kind is, that the verb, for example in the proposition The man is ignorant, is modified or completed by the complementary adjective ignorant. When the learner has become familiar with these terms, he may omit complementary, and after having given the usual account of the subject noun and verb, simply add that the verb is completed by the adjective-naming the adjective which occurs in the particular

case.

EXERCISES I. II. &c.--Supply a given number of written propositions formed with the verb to be in its several tenses, accompanied in each instance by a complementary adjective making a predicate, such as can rationally be asserted of the subject chosen.

(14) The neuter verb become is generally modified in the same manner. It is always completed either by an adjective or by a noun, and never stands as the complete predicate.*

(15) Examples of Become, with an adjective complementary. That man becomes old; The boy has become impatient; James will become learned; That nation has become powerful; John has become generous, &c. The verb grow is similarly modified, as, The field grows green; The boy grows large, &c.

Many other neuter verbs are completed in the same manner, though not so frequently as the verbs we have just noticed. (16) Amongst those thus occasionally completed, we may enumerate the following;

*In this it is unlike the verb to be, which stands, as we have seen already, often as the complete predicate; much oftener in reality than in our language is apparent at the first glance. (See § 46, Note p. 81.)

(13) Repeat the substance of the direction in reference to the analysis of this species of modification.

(14) What is said in reference to the verb become? (15) Give examples.

(16) Enumerate some of the neuter verbs which admit of the same kind of modification

Look, seem, feel, taste, smell, blow, shine, remove, stand, continue, &c, Some of these words are used both as active and as neuter verbs. We have concern with them here only in their neuter signification. We subjoin examples of some of these verbs, accompanied by a complementary adjective. (17) The analysis of these examples is to be conducted as in the case of the verbs to be, to become, to grow, completed by an adjective.

William seems disap

Honey tastes sweet.

EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS.-Mary looks cold. pointed. Black feels rough, white feels smooth. Roses smell fragrant. The wind blows soft. The moon shone bright. The work remains unfinished. The door stands open. The weather continues stormy. We take the following examples from D'Orsey. The first is altered from the imperative to the assertive form :

He looks big. "He turns pale."-Addison. "Half the women would have fallen sick.”—Addison. "A miser grows rich by seeming poor; an extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich."-Shenstone. "Dappled horses turn white."-Bacon. "They all shall wax old."-Heb. 1: 11. "This horror will grow mild.”. mild."-Milton.

"With what eyes could we

Stand in his presence humble, &c."-Milton.

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(18) After look and seem the infinitive to be might be supplied without injury to the sense, and some may choose to take this mode of analyzing the propositions in which these verbs occur, followed by an adjective; saying, in such cases, that they are completed by the verb to be suppressed, and considering the adjective as complementary of the suppressed infinitive. We have no objection to this course. We believe the infinitive necessary to the full expression of the asser tion. But when this is once understood, we consider it unnecessary on every occasion to supply the omitted infinitive.

(19) This remark will not apply to most of the other verbs enumerated. The introduction of the infinitive to be between the verb and adjective is inadmissible, as it would mar the sense. And yet the existence of the quality expressed by an adjective in connection with the subject is perhaps always implied; i. e. the existence of the quality in the subject in the mode or manner expressed by the verb. Thus, Honey tastes sweet. Here the quality sweet is asserted to exist in honey in connection with its taste, or in the mode or manner expressed by the verb taste.

(17) What remark is made about the analysis of the subjoined examples? (18) What is said in reference to the analysis of the propositions in which the verbs look and scem occur?

(19) Will the remark in regard of the verbs look and seem apply to the other verbs above enumerated? Repeat the substance of the illustration.

[ (20) We must be careful to distinguish this species of modification from the adverbial modification to be considered presently. The adjective in the case before us expresses an attribute pertaining to the subject in connection with the predicate, or together with the verb expresses the condition of the subject; the adverb expresses only the manner of the action of the verb, or some circumstance affecting the assertion in general, as of time, place, &c. Or, in other words, an attribute of the action asserted, not of the subject itself of which it is asserted. A few examples will render this more clear: John feels warm, and John feels warmly. In the first proposition the adjective warm expresses an attribute of John in connection with the predicate feeling; or, perhaps, rather we should say, warm with the predicate feeling expresses a condition here asserted of John. The wind blows soft; The wind blows softly. The same remark will apply here. A wind that is not soft may blow SOFTLY—that is, gently; but none, except a wind possessing the attribute expressed by soft, can truly be said to blow SOFT. We may subjoin a few more examples: William looks proud, and William looks proudly on the result of his persevering efforts. That lady looks cold; and That lady looks coldly on the gentleman by her side. In all these cases, the difference between the adjective and adverb is plain enough.]

EXERCISE. After the analysis of the above examples, the learner may construct a given number of propositions with the verbs enumerated above, containing examples of the adjective complementary appropriately employed with these verbs.

We may remark that sometimes active verbs seem to take an adjective complementary, having reference like the adjective complementary of the neuter verb to the subject noun. Examples of what we mean may be found in such expressions as, John spends his time thoughtless of the purposes of existence. There are three ways in which thoughtless and its modifications might here be regarded; 1st, as a descriptive adjective, modifying John the subject noun; 2d, as an adjective adverbially used, expressing manner and modifying the predicate; or, 3d, as an adjective complementary, expressing un attribute applicable to John in the mode of spending his time. This last we think the most accurate mode of analysis. Constructions of this kind are seldom used. This is altogether unlike the adjective complementary of the active verb, which affects not the subject but the objective.

§ 89. THE ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTARY OF THE ACTIVE VERB.

[(20) Repeat the substance of the remarks in reference to the distinction between an ad jective complementary modification and an adverbial modification.]

-We now pass on to consider the adjective complementary of the ACTIVE Verb.

(1) This complement is very similar to the NOUN complementary of the active verb. (2) The difference is this: when the noun complementary is used, we intimate that the passive object becomes something substantive by the action expressed by the verb; on the contrary, when the adjective complementary is used, we intimate that the passive object becomes possessed of some property or attribute, by the action expressed by the verb. (3) When allowance is made for this difference, nearly all that we have said in reference to the noun complementary will apply to the adjective complementary of the active verb.

(4) It will be observed that here the adjective does not as when employed with the neuter verb express the condition of the SUBJECT as affected by the action indicated by the verb, but the condition of the passive object under the influence of the action indicated by the active verb. (5) It expresses the complement of the action which affects the passive object. For example, Virtue renders life HAPPY. Here happy expresses the condition of life, as influenced by the action of virtue, or a property of which life becomes possessed through the action asserted of virtue. Happy thus completes renders. (6) The complete action asserted here of virtue is rendering happy, and this action has for its objective modification life— the word expressing that to which the complete action, "rendering happy," is in this assertion limited or directed.

We submit a number of examples of the adjective complementary of the active verb, in order that this construction may be more perfectly understood.

"We call the proud HAPPY." ANALYSIS. After going through the analysis in the usual manner till we come to the modifications attached to the verb, we say the verb call is here modified by the complementary adjective happy, and the predicate (thus completed) calling happy

§ 89. (1) To what other form of complement is the adjective complementary of the active vorb said to be similar? (2) What is the only difference between these two modifications? (3) Will what has been said of the one apply to the other?

(4) Repeat what is said of the distinction between the adjective used with the neuter and with the active verb. (5) What does the adjective used with the active verb express? Illustrate by an example. (6) Continue the illustration.

is further modified by the objective modification proud, which is an adjective substantively used.

REMARK.-The learner may follow this model as regards the construction we are considering, giving the full analysis of all the propositions, which we are about to adduce as examples.

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"All nations shall call him BLESSED." "Make us GLAD. "" (6 Op pression maketh a wise man MAD.” Hope deferred maketh the heart SICK." : “Thou makest the earth sort with showers." Men call the prosperous HAPPY; Oh, when will they learn to think the virtuous alone HAPPY? The true philosopher accounts the good man HAPPY. "Leave the lily pale, and tinge the violet blue." This struck me dumb.

(7) The usual place of the adjective complementary of the active verb is, like the noun complementary, after the objective modification, as in the examples now given. (8) But it is sometimes placed between the verb and the objective modification, especially when the objective is accompanied by modifications. (9) This will be seen in the following example. "The streams whereof shall make GLAD the city of God." Here, because the noun "city" is modified by the noun and preposition" of God," which a regard to perspicuity forbids to be separated from it, the complementary adjective "glad" is more conveniently placed first. (10) A complementary adjective is sometimes employed with the verb make, and the expression so formed employed in a general sense-without the limitation of an objective modification. For example: "I make alive."-Deut. 32: 39. Compare 2 Kings, 5: 7.— “The hand of the diligent maketh rich." (11) The force of the complementary adjective is perhaps better seen in such examples. (12) It is manifestly here a complement of the verb, and not a mere modifica• tion of the objective of the verb, as grammarians have very generally considered it, when in company with an objective. (13) We might multiply at pleasure examples of the use of complementary adjectives with the verb make. Such as, "Make thee fruitful.” "Make thee plenteous." “Make thy way prosperous.” "Make themselves clean." “God made man upright.” “Make manifest the counsel of the heart." Here the complementary adjective comes before the objective noun, and for the same reason, as was mentioned above, viz., because the

(7) What is the usual place of the adjective complementary of the active verb in the arrangement of a proposition? (8) Where is it sometimes placed, and for what reason? (9) Illustrate by an example. (10) Repeat what is said in reference to a complementary adjective employel with the verb make; and give examples. (11) Repeat the remark on these examples. (12) What is the adjective manifestly in such examples? (13) Adduce more examples of the verb make thus completed.

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