and verb are inverted, or when the subject is not an interrogative word, or completed by an interrogative word.

(18) We may give some examples from the antiquated and poetical .anguage of the simple indefinite and past tenses employed interrogatively, when the order of arrangement is inverted : Despisest thou

the riches of his goodness?"

Having eyes, see ye not?”

"Know ye what I have done to you?"

Through breaking the law, dishonorest

thou God?" "Thinkest thou this right, &c. ?" "Believest thou this?” "Believest thou the prophets?” "But what meant you of fugitives herein ?"-Spencer's State of Ireland.

passe ?”—Idem. "What hear I?"-Idem.

"How commeth it then to

We subjoin some examples from the poets:

"What fear we then?"-Milton.

"What now avails that noble thirst of fame ?"-Thomson.
"Now blame we most the nurslings or the nurse?"-Cowper.

"Where finds philosophy her eagle eye?"-Idem.

"And chase we still the phantom through the fire?"

"And toil we still for sublunary pay?"-Young.

"Seest thou thy lover lowly laid?

Hearest thou the groans that pierce his breast ?"-Burns. "Breathes there the man with soul so dead?"-Scott.

"And said I that my blood was cold?"—Idem.

The reader will find on examination that in all these propositions, if expressed in the current prose of the present day, we would introduce the tenses formed with the auxiliary DO instead of the simple tenses.

There is a rule in reference to the answer made to an interrogative proposition, which we may give in this place. It is an important rule, and one often violated by uneducated and careless persons in conversation.

(19) RULE.-The pronoun in the answer must be in the same case with the interrogative word in the question.

EXAMPLES.-Who is in the room? Ans. I— I am in the room. To such questions the uneducated often answer me. The impropriety of this answer is manifest when we supply the words suppressed and exhibit the complete proposition implied; thus, ME is in the room. Even

(18) Repeat a number of the antiquated and poetical examples which differ from the present order of English prose composition.

(19) Repeat the rule and illustrate by examples.

the least educated person perceives the impropriety of this. Whom do they blame? Ans. Him They blame him. Whose hat is this? Ans. John's or mine This hat is John's, or mine.

§ 98. REMARKS ON THE INTERROGATIVE WORDS.—(1) The interrogative words used as subjects of interrogative propositions are who, what, which, and formerly whether which of the two. (2) These are commonly called the interrogative pronouns. (3) The word who has an undoubted claim to this appellation. It always performs alone the function of a noun. It cannot take a noun with it; we cannot, for example, say who man did so? It cannot, therefore, be alleged that a noun is understood with it or implied in it. Who is used exclusively to represent persons, and not the lower animals or inanimate things.

(4) What interrogative, when used alone, always represents a thing. It appears in Anglo-Saxon grammars as the neuter form of who, which is masculine and feminine. In the language as now used what differs from who in this, that it is employed as an adjective, and thus employed, sometimes accompanies nouns which denote persons. For example, "What man is there of you?" Matt. 7: 9. "What man knoweth the things of a man?" 1 Cor. 2: 11. This is more emphatic than to say, Who is there of you? and Who knoweth the things of a man?

(5) Which is perhaps to be considered an adjective, and, when used alone, as having a noun implied, like any other adjective employed substantively. (6) Used interrogatively, this word may accompany nouns significant either of persons or the lower animals and things, and when used substantively, may represent objects of both these classes. Thus we say, which boy did that? which is to blame? speaking of persons-as well as, which road leads to the village? and which is the best bound? speaking of books. (7) Which has been improperly represented as the neuter of who. Instead of

§ 98. (1) Enumerate the interrogative words used as subjects of propositions. (2) What are these words commonly called? (3) Repeat what is said of the word who.

(4) Repeat the remarks in reference to what; and give examples of what employed as an adjective.

(5) How may which be considered? (6) What kind of nouns does it accompany when used as an interrogative? Give examples. (7) How has which been improperly represent ed? And in what light is it considered by the most recent grammarians?

this the modern grammarians have, assigned plausible reasons for considering it a compound of the interrogative root wh and lic, the Scotch whilk being a step in its progress to its present English form. (See Latham, Eng. Lang. p. 253, 2d Ed. and Grimm Deutsche Gram. vol. iii. pp. 47, 48.)

(8) Whether appears, also, to be a compound of wh and either. It is now scarcely in use as an interrogative. Instead of it we use which of the two. We have examples of the ancient usage in the questions, "Whether of them did the will of his father?" "Whether is greater, the gold or the temple?"

(9) The interrogative who may be employed plurally as well as singularly. For example, "Who are these that fly as a cloud?" &c. "Who are happiest among men?" This word has also a possessive or genitive form, whose, and another form, whom, which was anciently used as a dative, but now is employed as an accusative. (10) What and which have no possessive form, and are indifferently employed as nominatives or accusatives; that is, as subject nouns or objectives, or noun with preposition modifications.

(10) Some of the other interrogatives, which serve only as modifying words and not as subject nouns, and are therefore called adverbs, seem to have been originally cases or derivatives of who. At least, they generally contain what may be considered the interrogative sign in our language, viz.: the consonantal sound wh. (11) Where in what place seems to have been an old feminine dative with a noun implied, why for what cause, an ablative, when at what time, an aecusative. Whither towards what place, is manifestly a derivative or compound from the same root. (12) How in what manner, is supposed to come from the same source, the w of the wh having been suppressed, possibly because the combination of wh with the vowel sound represented by ow was unpleasant to pronounce and disagreeable to the ear.

(8) Repeat the remarks in reference to whether; and give examples of it used interroga. tively.

(9) Is who ever used plurally? And what cases has it? (10) Repeat the remarks in reference to case forms of what and which.

(10) What do some of the interrogative words not used as subject nouns seem to have been originally? (11) Tell what is said of where, why, when, and whither. (12) What 17 said of how?

We shall have more to say of these forms elsewhere, especially when we come to treat of the relative or conjunctive pronouns, and in additional remarks on the determinatives and the pronouns, §§ 158, 159, EXERCISE I.-Form a given number of interrogative propositions with interrogative words for their subject nouns.

EXERCISE II.-A given number commencing with an interrogative pronoun which does not serve as subject noun.

EXERCISE III.—A given number commencing with an interrogative adverb.

EXERCISES IV., V., &c.-A given number of interrogative propositions formed without interrogative words.

§ 99. OF IMPERATIVE PROPOSITIONS.-(1) As regards matter, the imperative proposition is distinguished by the fact that it is employed in expressing commands, requests, entreaties, &c. (2) As regards form, it is distinguished by the following peculiarities-1st. The imperative form, or mode of the verb, consisting in our language of the root without inflection, is employed in this class of propositions. 2d. The subject of such propositions in the prose language of the present day, is always of the second person; that is, always a party or parties addressed. 3d. The subject noun, being always the pronoun of the second person singular or the second person plural, and capable of being readily supplied, is most commonly suppressed. 4th. When the pronoun is expressed, it is placed after the verb. (3) The suppression in the one case, and the arrangement after the verb in the other case, equally serve to distinguish the imperative from the assertive form. (4) When the pronoun is placed after the verb the plural imperative proposition does not differ in form from the plural interrogative proposition in the indefinite tense, so far as the words and arrangement are concerned. Thus, resist you, or ye, evil, may form either a question or a command-an interrogative or an imperative proposition. (5) In speaking, the tone of command or entreaty is clearly distinct from the tone or inflection of inquiry. This fact prevents all mistake of the one form for the other in

§ 99. (1) What is said of the matter of the imperative proposition? (2) Repeat sepgrately the four peculiarities which distinguish the imperative proposition. (3) What two circumstances distinguish the imperative from the assertive proposition? (4) With what other kind of proposition does the plural imperative sometimes agree in form, and in what case? Give an example. (5) In this case how are these two kinds of propositions distin guished in spoken discourse? How in written discourse?

spoken discourse. The mark of interrogation serves to distinguish the interrogative form in written discourse.

(6) Some imperative propositions, having a subject of the third person, occur in our older writers and in the poets. In these the subject noun is expressed, and generally placed after the verb. For examples of these antiquated and poetical imperative propositions, see 55, p. 112.

We subjoin a few examples of imperative propositions for an exercise in analysis.

(7) "Fret not thyself because of evil men." "Honor thy father and thy mother." "Hear the instruction of thy father." "Forsake not the law of thy mother." "Drink waters out of thine own cistern." "Buy the truth; sell it not." "Get wisdom, get understanding." Show me your exercise. Be courteous to all. "Reveal none of the secrets of thy friend. Be faithful to his interests. Forsake him not in danger. Abhor the thought of acquiring any advantage by his prejudice."

(8) EXAMPLES WITH THE PRONOUN EXPRESSED.- "Despise not thou the chastening of the Almighty." "Blessed be thou," &c. "Be thou an example," &c. "Be not thou ashamed of the testimony," &c. "Go ye therefore," &c.

EXERCISE.-Form a given number of imperative propositions.

(9) We may here remark that the vocative, or noun of address, is very often used in connection with this form of proposition. For examples of the vocative in this connection, we may take the following propositions: "Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways." son, forget not my law."

"Daughter of Faith, awake! arise! illume

My

The dread unknown, the chaos of the tomb."-Campbell. (10) These VOCATIVES, or nouns, employed in addressing or calling on the party to which our discourse is directed, do not form any part of a proposition, though they stand alongside, or sometimes in the middle of it, and therefore they admit of no grammatical analysis. It is the mere utterance of a name for the sake of indicating the party whom we address, or for the purpose of arresting his attention. It is often

(6) Repeat the remark about imperatives having a subject of the third person. (7) Give examples of imperative propositions in which the subject pronoun is suppressed (8) Give a few examples having the pronoun expressed.

(9) Repeat what is said of the use of the vocative or case of address; and give examples. (10) Repeat the remarks in reference to the function which vocatives serve in discourse.