disposed of in the arrangement; then follows the principal proposition, the adjective modified by the accessory serving to complete its subject noun. (6) Examples: Mindful that the duration of life is uncertain, this good man studies to be always prepared for death. Heedful that dangers surrounded him, he pursued his march with redoubled caution. Ignorant that we were his best friends, he treated us as his worst foes. (7) This kind of substantive accessory proposition is, as we have already intimated, analogous to the noun and preposition used in modifying adjectives. (8) In fact, when the adjectives enumerated above take word-modifications (as opposed to accessory proposition-modifications), it is a noun and preposition which they take. For example conscious of innocence, mindful of favors, heedless of danger, &c.

(9) There are some other similar adjectives which take after them an accessory of the same form to indicate, not the object which the condition of mind expressed by them regards, but the occasion or cause of this condition of mind. (10) Such are anxious, grateful, ungrateful, thankful, ashamed, &c. Thus, Anxious that his friend should not fail in his efforts, he devoted much of his time to his service. "The humblest peasant is anxious that some little respect may be paid to his remains." Grateful, or thankful that he was now rescued from danger, he resolved to recompense his deliverer. (11) With most of these last adjectives because may be used as the conjunctive word, and the accessories which modify them come perhaps rather within the class which we call adverbial accessories, since they express the circumstance of causality.

(12) PUNCTUATION.-This accessory, together with the adjective which it modifies, is separated from the principal proposition by interpunction.

EXERCISES I., II., &c.—Construct compound propositions containing adjectives modified by accessories of the kind described.

We need add nothing here to what has been already said about the order in which the pupil should proceed in the analysis of compound propositions embracing modifying accessories, save to remind him that the accessory should be analyzed in immediate connection with the principal word which it modifies.

struction of this kind of compound propositions. (6) Illustrate by examples. (7) To which of the forms of modification already treated is this modifying accessory analogous? (8) What fact is stated as a proof of this? Give examples.

(9) State what is said of a similar class of adjectives. (10) Enumerate some of this class. And illustrate by examples. (11) Repeat the remark made in reference to this last class

of adjectives and their accessories.

(12) Punctuation?

§ 110. OF ADJECTIVE ACCESSORY PROPOSITIONS.-(1) We next proceed to consider the adjective accessory proposition. (2) This kind of accessory is generally connected with the word which it modifies by what are commonly called the relative, but by some with greater propriety, the conjunctive pronouns. (3) These words perform some of the ordinary functions of a noun in the accessory proposition, and, at the same time, indicate the connection or conjunction between it and the word in the principal proposition which it serves to complete. (4) The name relative has been given to these pronouns because they relate or have reference to another word which they represent.* (5) This word is usually called the antecedent, because it goes before. (6) This antecedent word which the conjunctive pronoun represents, is the word which the adjective accessory proposition modifies or completes. Sometimes a proposition is represented by a conjunctive pronoun, or, in other words, serves as antecedent. "The bill was rejected by the Lords, which excited no small degree of jealousy," &c.

(7) The words chiefly employed as simple conjunctive pronouns are who, which, and that. (8) Who has case forms exactly as the interrogative who; namely, a genitive case whose, and dative and accusative whom. (9) The declension of this word may be exhibited as follows:

The circumstance that they relate, or have reference to a noun, is not peculiar to this class of pronouns; but is equally characteristic of other pronouns, especially of those of the third person. The name relative pronouns is not therefore so appropriate, so well adapted to distinguish these words, as the name conjunctive pronouns given to them by some of the French grammarians. This latter name fully indicates the double function of this class of words, viz.: that of pronoun, or representative of a noun, and that of connection or conjunction.

§ 110. (1) What kind of accessory is next considered? (2) What name is given to the words which connect this accessory with the word which it modifies? (3) Describe the functions of conjunctive pronouns. (4) Why have these words been called relative pronouns? (5) What is the word which the conjunctive pronoun represents called? (6) What is said of the antecedent? Is it always a noun ?

(7) Enumerate the simple conjunctive pronouns. (S) What forms has who? (9) Re

(10) These forms are used to represent both singular and plural nouns, in the same manner as the case forms of the interrogative who. (See § 98.)

(11) Which has no variation for either case or number. Whose is sometimes employed as its genitive, borrowed from who. Or perhaps we should say that the distinction between who and which is not maintained in the genitive. (12) It is scarcely correct to say that whose is the genitive of which as well as of who. It is manifestly formed from who, not from which. (13) That is also invariable, performing the function of nominative, dative, and accusative, and having no genitive form. (14) The only genitive form among the three simple conjunctive pronouns is whose, and the use of this as a genitive of which—that is, the use of it when any other than a rational being or person is referred to, seems to be rather avoided by fastidious writers. (15) We have, however, the most respectable authority for using it in referring to things not. personal, that is, not capable of taking part in discourse. We have a well known example in the commencement of the Paradise Lost. "Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste," &c. "Nebuchadnezzar, the king, made an image of gold, whose height was threescore cubits," &c. Dan. 3: 1.

Leaving whose out of the account, the distinction observed in the present use of these pronouns may be described as follows: (16) Who and its accusative whom are employed as conjunctive pronouns to represent persons-those who being endowed with reason and speech can take a part in human discourse-individually and plurally (but not collectively) considered. (17) They are also employed to represent the names of animals when personified, as in fables; and sometimes per

peat the declension of who.. (10) Repeat what is said of the singular and plural use of the forms of who.

(11) What is said of which in reference to case forms? (12) Is it correct to call whose the genitive of which? (13) Has that case forms? (14) Repeat the remark about whose. (15) Have we authority for using whose in speaking of things not personal? Give examples. (16) What is said of the employment of who and whom? (17) Do they ever represent

sonified things and abstractions. (18) Which is now used only to represent nonpersonals, that is, irrational animals and things inanimate.

(19) It is also used to represent collective nouns (though signifying assemblages of persons), when they imply unity. The collective body, considered as a unit, though made up of persons, is not regarded as a person. Examples: The PARTY WHICH first elevated him to power has since denounced him. The ARMY, WHICH he led to victory, was strongly attaches to him. (20) Which is also used to represent nouns signifying persons, when only the word, or name, or character is referred to, not the person. Examples: You call him an OPPRESSOR of the poor and the weak, WHICH is the worst name you could give him. "That was the work of Herod, which is but another name for cruelty."

.

(21) In the earlier usage of our language, which was employed to represent persons as well as nonpersonals. (22) Thus it is employed in the Lord's Prayer in the authorized version, and in the versions of Tyndale and Cranmer, and in those published at Geneva and at Rheims. Our father which art in heaven. (28) The distinction established in the present usage of our language between who and which contributes to perspicuity. Who and whom always by their very form indicate that the reference is to the names of persons, and which that the reference is to nonpersonals-to animals or inanimate things.

(24) That is used to represent the names both of persons and things. It may be considered as the universal relative or conjunctive pronoun, filling the place of both who and which. (25) But as the use of who or which gives greater clearness to the reference, the one limiting it to persons, the other to nonpersonals, the employment of these words is to be preferred, except where their frequent recurrence, or some awkwardness of expression connected with their use renders the employment of the less definite that preferable. (See additional observations on the pronouns wнO, WHICH, THAT, § 159.)

[The grammarians have enumerated certain cases in which the use of that is to be preferred to the use of who or which. We give the substance of what they have said, partly in the language of Dr. Crombie and Dr. Bullions.

the names of animals or things? (18) How is which now used? (19) Does which ever represent nouns signifying persons? Give examples. (20) In what other case is it so used? Give examples.

(21) What is said of the use of who and which in the earlier period of our language? (22) Mention the example. (23) Is the distinction now observed between who and which useful?

(24) What is said of that? (25) What reason for preferring the use of who or which in general to the use of that as a conjunctive pronoun?

(26) 1st. That is used after who or which (either conjunctive or interrogative) has been already employed in the sentence to avoid a disagreeable repetition of the same sound. But this change from who or which to that ought not to be admitted in a series of accessory propositions modifying the same noun; the same antecedent ought to be always represented in such a series by the same pronoun. Thus it would be improper to say, The man THAT fears God, and wнo loves his neighbor. We ought to employ either who in both cases, or that in both cases.

2d. That is usually employed to represent nouns modified by adjectives in the superlative degree; as, "He is the wisest man that ever lived." Also to represent nouns modified by the words same, all, very; and generally to represent those modified by the determinative adjectives any, no, some.

3d. When the conjunctive is to represent two antecedent nouns, the one signifying persons and the other nonpersonals, that is employed; as "the man and the horse that passed us.”

4th. That is sometimes employed, when it is doubtful whether who or which is the proper word; as, The little child that was placed in the midst.]

§ 111. We now return to the consideration of the adjective accessory proposition, and the various functions, besides that of connecting, which the conjunctive words perform in it. It will be more convenient, after illustrating the use of these chief conjunctive pronouns, to consider the other words which serve purposes somewhat similar.

(1) Adjective accessory propositions perform functions similar both to descriptive and determinative adjectives. (2) That is to say, in other words, propositions of this kind are employed either to describe the object expressed by the noun which they modify, or to render the object more determinate—or, still in other words, either to express an attribute belonging to the object, or to indicate the manner in which the speaker chooses to limit the modified name (See § 91: 11, et seq.)

(3) We subjoin examples of both kinds of accessories for the purpose

[(26) Mention the first case in which the use of that conjunctive is to be preferred. The second case, &c.]

§ 111. (1) What two kinds of functions do adjective accessories perform? (2) Express these functions in different ways. (3) Illustrate these functions by examples.