ral. Speaking of men Men are more liberal IN THE DEGREE (or in the proportion) IN WHICH they are more intelligent.*

(14) Since this accessory has some connection with the science of quantity, we venture to borrow a name from the mathematicians. We call it The accessory used in expressing intensities equally varying directly or indirectly; or, more briefly, ACCESSORY OF EQUALLY

VARYING INTENSITIES.

EXERCISE.-Furnish a number of examples of this construction.

(15) There is another form of accessory applied to adjectives for the purpose of indicating the degree of intensity designed to be expressed in a particular case. This accessory describes the intensity by an example of the effect produced by it. Thus, The weather is SO COLD, that the water freezes in the ponds; The weather has become so WARM, that the snow on the mountains begins to dissolve. Here the intensity of the cold in the one case, and of the heat in the other, is indicated by the effect produced. One man is so RICH, that it gives him trouble to expend his wealth. Another is So POOR, that he can scarcely get bread to eat.

(16) In this construction, the adjective is first modified in the principal proposition by the adverb so, and as thus modified is further completed by the accessory proposition introduced by the conjunctive determinative that. (17) The same construction is employed in modifying the determinative such as well as descriptive adjectives preceded by so. Thus, That man's character is such, that nobody can confide in

* This construction may be compared with the Latin construction in which quo and eo or hoc serve the same purpose as the serves in the case before us. For example, Quo difficilius, hoc praeclarius The more difficult, the more glorious. Eo minor est arcus, quo altior est sol The higher the sun is, the less is the rainbow. Homines quo plura habent, eo ampliora cupiunt The more men have, the more they desire. The here performs the functions both of eo and quo, as it very frequently does in Anglo-Saxon. In this construction we have a remarkable relic of the conjunctive use of the, perhaps the only remnant of this use in the language. (See §§ 158, 159).

(14) What is said of naming this accessory? Repeat the name.

(15) Describe another form of accessory used to express the degree of intensity; and lustrate by examples.

(16) Describe the manner in which the adjective is modified in this construction. (17) Repeat what is said of the modification of such and illustrate by examples.

him. Such here seems to be equivalent to so bad--so suspicious, or the like; in other words, such so, with an adjective. Hence it is not strange that such should be modified by the same form of accessory that an adjective preceded by so takes to complete it.

(18) This kind of accessory we may designate by the name of The adverbial accessory indicating the degree of intensity by example or by effect. More briefly, The accessory indicating intensity by effect.

(19) We may remark here, that when, instead of a complete accessory of this kind, we adopt the infinitive form of contracted accessory (see § 142: 9, 10) we employ as, not that, to connect this contracted accessory with the principal proposition. Examples: This weather is SO WARM AS TO DISSOLVE the snow on the mountains. He is so wise as not to confide in men whom he does not know. He is so poor as to beg— so mean as to steal. That man's character IS SUCH AS TO DESTROY all confidence in his promises.

EXERCISES I., II., &c.-Furnish examples of these forms of construction.

(20) We next notice a form of accessory which expresses an indefinite or unbounded degree of intensity. (21) The conjunctive adverb used to introduce this is however. (22) We give as an example, HOWEVER powerful that man may be, he is not likely to succeed in that enterprise.

Though that man may have any or every degree of power, he is not likely to succeed, &c. (23) This accessory is exactly similar to the concessive accessory to be considered below (see § 138: 27, and note), only that the force of the adverb however here falls upon the adjective.

REMARK.-(24) The adjective and the adverb however are sometimes used alone in accessories of this kind, the rest of the proposition being implied; as, "No examples, however awful, sink into the heart ” No examples, however awful they may be, &c.

§ 122. (1) We may here notice another form of compound proposition, which may be regarded as standing related both to the class we have been considering and to the class to which we are presently to direct our attention. (2) We shall first present examples, and

(18) What name is given to this form of accessory?

(19) Repeat the substance of the remark, and illustrate by examples.

(20) What form of accessory is next noticed? (21) What conjunctive word is ernployed to introduce it? (22) Illustrate the use of this accessory by an example. (23) To what other accessory is this exactly similar?

(24) Repeat the substance of the remark.

§ 122. (1) What is said of the compound proposition about to be noticed? (2) Give examples.

then proceed to examine them. As Aristides was conspicuous among the Athenians for integrity, so Themistocles was conspicuous for political sagacity and adroit management. As John is loved for his benevolence, so Peter is despised on account of his unfeeling self. ishness. As his elevation was great, so his fall is humiliating.

(3) These propositions somewhat resemble the compound propositions which express the comparison of equality. (4) In some cases of this construction it may not be clear, at first sight, which is the accessory proposition, or whether the two propositions are not to be regarded as co-ordinate, the writer designing to express two distinct assertions, and to add to the effect of both by placing them together. (5) Upon changing slightly the construction, we shall, in most cases, readily discover which is, at least in form, the accessory, and which the principal proposition. (6) For illustration let us take the second example above, As John is loved for his benevolence, so Peter is despised on account of his selfishness. This is equivalent to, Peter is despised on account of his selfishness IN SO GREAT DEGREE as John is loved, &c. (7) It is evident that the proposition which comes last in the original example and first in the substituted construction, "Peter is despised, &c. is the principal proposition. (8) We can even omit the adverb so in the principal proposition, and by placing it first express the same meaning, though perhaps not so forcibly; thus, Peter is despised for his selfishness, as John is loved for his benevolence. (9) It is really so (=in so great degree) in the principal proposition which is modified by the accessory. When not expressed, so or its equivalent in such or so great degree is implied, and modified by the accessory. (10) The accessory is connected by the conjunctive adverb as. This word as may also serve to indicate to the learner which is really the accessory proposition.

(11) This construction differs in two things from that into which the

(3) What other class of compound propositions do these resemble? (4) Tell what it may be sometimes difficult to determine in constructions of this kind. (5) Describe a mode of discovering which is the principal and which the accessory proposition. (6) Illustrate by an example. (7) Which in the example is evidently the principal proposition? (8) What is said of the suppression of the word so? (9) Which is the word really modified by the accessory? (10) By what word is the accessory in this construction connected? And what may the connecting word serve to indicate to the learner?

(11) Mention the two things in which this construction differs from that with an acces

accessory of equal intensity enters. It does not express strictly equal intensity, but rather similarity of intensity, and even that in a loose way. And, in the second place, this kind of accessory does not affect exclusively (as the one referred to does) the adjective in the principal proposition, but the whole predicate. ((12) Of this predicate, it generally happens, that the adjective is the most prominent part; and therefore the adjective appears as if it were peculiarly affected by the accessory.) (13) Thus, when I say, using the accessory of equal intensity, Your brother is as cold as you are, I indicate simply the equal intensity of the quality cold in the case of your brother and you. But when I say, As John is loved for his benevolence, so Peter, &c. I indicate some sort of equality in a loose manner, or rather of similarity, between Peter's being despised for his selfishness and John's being loved for his benevolence.

(14) This accessory may perhaps be considered as expressing the manner of Peter's being despised rather than the degree of intensity of the despite. If so, it approaches in character (if it belongs not entirely) to the class of accessories which we are next about to consider, and thus affords a natural transition from the one class to the other.

(15) We may designate this by the name of The Accessory indicating Similar Intensity—more briefly, The Accessory of Similar Intensity. It stands, as we have just intimated, between two classes of accessories-those which modify adjectives and those which modify verbs, but has stronger claims to be arranged with the latter class.

EXERCISE.-Furnish examples of this construction.

§ 123. (1) We next proceed to consider those adverbial accessory propositions which manifestly modify the verbs or predicates of the principal propositions, or sometimes the whole principal

assertion.

(2) Here we shall first direct our attention to that class of accessories in which the manner of the action predicated by the verb is expressed.

sory of equal intensity. (12) Mention the remark about the adjective in the predicate of this accessory. (13) Illustrate by examples.

(14) Mention the remark about the class to which this accessory belongs. (15) How may this accessory be designated? And where is it represented as standing?

123. (1) Describe the kind of accessories next to be considered.

These are exactly analogous to the adverbs of manner already considered. (See § 92.)

(3) There are different forms of this species of adverbial accessory. One form describes the manner of the action predicated in the principal proposition by comparison-by reference to another action of the same subject, or to the same or sometimes to a different action of another subject. This accessory follows the principal proposition, and is connected with it by the conjunctive adverb as. (4) For example, That man died as he lived. He acts in this affair as he has acted on other occasions. William thinks as I think. That man grows in the esteem of his friends, as his neighbor sinks into infamy. Here the man's manner of living is employed to indicate his manner of dying. His manner of acting on other occasions to indicate his manner of acting in this affair, &c.

(5) We can invert the order of these propositions, and place the accessory first; but then we must supply the word so before the principal proposition. Thus, As that man lived, so he died; As I think, so William thinks.

(6) In this form of compound propositions the word as, like what in adjective accessories, performs the function of an adverb both in the principal and accessory proposition, at the same time serving to indicate their connection. (7) As regards the thought, the real bond of connection is sameness or identity of manner. (8) That as performs the double fanction which we have ascribed to it, is obvious when we invert the compound proposition and are obliged to call in the services of so.

(9) We may call this The Adverbial Accessory denoting Manner by Comparison; or, more briefly, The Accessory of Manner by Comparison.

(10) In such expressions as, He acted as chairman of the meeting, we have perhaps an elliptical construction-He acted to the meeting as

(2) Which class of these do we first notice? (3) Describe one of the different forms of this species of accessories. (4) Illustrate by examples.

(5) What is said of inverting the order of these propositions? Illustrate by examples. (6) What is said of the functions of as in such compound propositions? (7) What is Bald of the bond of connection in thought? (8) How is it shown that as performs the double function attributed to it?

(9) How may we name this accessory?

(10) What is said of an elliptical construction? Example for illustration.