a chairman of a meeting acts. Some call as chairman, &c. In such con structions, a noun in apposition; but improperly, as we think.

We may here notice that there is an extension of this kind of construction to express sameness of time. This will be considered when we come to treat adverbial accessories of time.

(11) REMARK.-This form of accessory, like most of the adverbial accessories, may be replaced, when the construction is fully expanded by an adjective accessory. In order to this we must supply in the principal proposition that for which as may be regarded as a substitute, namely, the noun and preposition modification in the manner, or in the same manner, and then add an adjective accessory. Thus, That man died IN THE SAME MANNER IN WHICH he lived, &c.*

(12) Another form of this species of accessory describes the manner of the action (like the similar accessory which is applied to adjectives) by its effect. Thus, This man acts so, that all his friends are proud of him. Here we use so in the principal proposition, and that conjunctive to connect the accessory. (13) This form, when expanded, becomes identical with one of the forms of the accessories which modify adjectives. So expanded—in such manner. Then the above example runs thus, This man acts IN SUCH MANNER, that all his friends are proud

* Sometimes an accessory denoting manner by comparison is apparently connected by two conjunctive words, as and if. For example, That boy acts AS IF he were insane. He moaned AS IF he were in great pain. In constructions of this kind there is a suppression of a proposition between as and if. When we supply this suppression, the whole construction is clear. Thus, That boy acts as HE WOULD ACT, or AS ONE WOULD ACT, if he were insane. He moaned as HE WOULD MOAN if he were in great pain. The accessory proposition here connected by as, when thus fully developed, is itself a compound proposition of the hypothetical form (see § 137), and the connection between the principal proposition and this compound accessory is exactly the same which we have been describing. In such cases, as may be considered as representing the accessory proposition which is itself modified by the hypothetical accessory commencing with the conditional conjunction if.

Instead of as if, as though is sometimes employed in the same manner, and with the same force. Examples, "He made as though he would have gone further." "It was as though it budded." "I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I shot at a mark." This form of expression may perhaps be regarded as antiquated.

(11) Repeat the substance of the remark, and illustrate by examples.

(12) Describe another form of the accessory of manner. Give example. (13) With what other form of accessory does this become identified when expanded? Illustrate by an example.

of him. Or, This man acts IN A MANNER SUCH, that all his friends are proud of him. Here, that all his friends are proud of him is obviously an adverbial accessory modifying the determinative sÚоп.

(14) We may distinguish this form by calling it the accessory denoting the manner of action by its effect or consequence; or more briefly, The Accessory describing an Action by its Effect.

(15) REMARK.-When we employ the infinitive abbreviation for an accessory proposition of this kind, we use (as in the accessory of like form which modifies adjectives) AS instead of THAT for conjunctive word; thus, This man behaved so, as to gain the applause, or, so as to be applauded by all his friends.

EXERCISE.-Furnish examples of these constructions.

§ 124. ADVERBIAL ACCESSORIES EMPLOYED TO INDICATE THE CIRCUMSTANCE OF PLACE.

(1) This class of accessories is usually connected with the principal proposition by the adverbs of place, where, whence, whither, and their compounds formed with ever and so, wherever, wheresoever, whencesoever, whithersoever. (2) When so employed we call these words conjunctive adverbs. (3) They are all of the family of the conjunctive (originally interrogative) pronouns who and what. (4) Used to introduce accessory propositions, they are all equivalent to a conjunctive pronoun and the noun place preceded by a preposition. In this respect they resemble the other adverbs. (5) Like what, they generally, though not always, perform the function of adverb, or of noun and preposition modification both for the principal and the accessory proposition, besides serving to indicate the relation between the two propositions. The conjunctive adverb marks as the accessory that proposition to which it is attached and which it introduces.

We next proceed to class the accessory propositions of place, and to show briefly the purposes which they serve in discourse.

(14) By what name may we distinguish this accessory ?

(15) Repeat the substance of the remark, and illustrate by an example.

§ 124. (1) By what words are adverbial accessories of place connected with the principal proposition? (2) What do we call these words when so used? (3) What is said of the family and origin of these words? (4) To what are they in this use of them equivalent ! (5) Mention the several functions which they serve in compound propositions.

(6) 1st. We give as a first class of the adverbial accessories of place, those which serve to determine the place in which or at which what is predicated in the principal proposition exists; in other words, its local position; or, to use a colloquial expression, the whereabouts of the main assertion. (7) We may call this The Adverbial Accessory of Locality.

(8) The conjunctive word employed to connect these accessories, is WHERE, when a definite place is indicated, WHEREVER and WHERESOEVER when whatever place is designated. (9) Example, I live WHERE your friend lives. Here where your friend lives determines the place where I live—I live IN THE PLACE IN WHICH your friend lives. (10) It is obvious from inspecting the expanded form of the construction here presented, that wHERE represents and performs the functions of the noun and preposition complement in the place in the principal, and of the conjunctive pronoun and preposition in which in the accessory proposition. (11) When the construction is thus expanded, the accessory becomes an adjective accessory proposition, modifying the word place in the principal proposition. (12) WHERE here performs functions precisely similar to those performed by WHAT (of which it is in fact merely the dative form); namely, those of a complement both in the principal and in the accessory, besides serving to indícate the connection and relation of the two propositions.

(13) We give examples of the less definite form of this class of accessories. I will lodge WHEREVER my friend determines to lodge. He will abide WHERESOEVER you may choose to command. Here the particular place is not absolutely specified, but it is, as in the preceding case, determined so far as the description in the accessory can limit it. (14) The place described in the accessory in the first case is supposed to be fixed, and known to the speaker; but the place described in the indefinite accessory is supposed to be yet unsettled, or, at least, yet unknown to the speaker. The accessory determines it to the extent of his ability.

(6) Describe the first class of accessories of place. (7) What name is given to this class! (8) What conjunctive words serve to connect accessories of locality? (9) Illustrate by an example. (10) Show what functions WHERE performs in such constructions. (11) What does this accessory become when the construction is expanded? (12) With what are the functions performed by WHERE compared ?

(13) Furnish examples of the indefinite form of this class of accessories, and tell what is

PEMARK.-(15) In all classes of these adverbial accessories of place, those which are to follow, as well as that which we have consideredIDENTITY OF PLACE, is the real bond of connection (in thought) between the principal and the accessory proposition. It is this identity which adapts the accessory to modify or complete the principal in reference to the circumstance of locality-local position-or of direction towards, or direction from a place.

(16) Sometimes where is employed in an accessory proposition to represent a noun of place expressed in the principal proposition. (17) In such cases where performs precisely the function of the pronoun conjunctive and preposition in which; and the accessory might with propriety be classed with the adjective accessory, since it simply serves to modify or determine the noun of place in the principal proposition. Example: He lives in the same place wпERE his brother lives He lives in the place IN WHICH his brother lives. Here where his brother lives may be considered, and may be treated if we please, as an adjective accessory proposition. (18) That these two kinds of accessories-the adjective and the adverbial—are sometimes (or perhaps we should say very generally) resolvable into one another, or blended together, is not surprising, when we remember the intimate relation subsisting between the functions of adverbs and adjectives,-all adverbs involving, as part of their function, the function, and often, as part of their form, the form of an adjective.

(19) When the principal proposition is placed after the accessory, which often happens, the adverb there is sometimes employed in the principal proposition to represent the place determined by the acces"That where I am, there ye may be also."

sory.

The other accessories of place do not express local position but local direction, either towards, or from a place. We include in our

(20) 2d class those which describe the place towards which the action predicated in the principal proposition is directed. (21) The conjunctive adverb distinctly appropriated to connect this class of accessories, when a definite known place is to be indicated, is

said of the effect of the accessories in the examples. (14) State the difference between the two forms of accessory.

(15) Repeat the substance of the remark.

(16) How is where sometimes employed in accessories? (17) What function does where thus used perform? And how might the accessory be treated? (18) What is said in reference to the fact that these two kinds of accessory are resolvable into one another?

(19) What word is introduced in the principal proposition, when it follows the accessory? (20) Describe the second class of accessories of place. (21) By what conjunctive word

WHITHER. (22) We have said in, speaking of where and whither in their original function of interrogatives (see § 92, note p. 291), that where has usurped the function of whither in addition to its own peculiar function. The same remark applies to where conjunctively used. It is now almost universally employed in this as well as in the preceding form of accessory, and whither, which our forefathers employed exclusively to express to or towards a place, is nearly obsolete.

(23) The same remark applies to the compound word whithersoever, which was formerly used to express direction towards whatever place; as, "I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest." We would now say, WHEREVER thou goest. Wheresoever is also rarely used in the current language of the present times.

(24) 3d. We introduce, as a third class of the accessories of place, those which describe the place from which the action predicated in the principal proposition is directed. (25) These accessories, like those just considered, refer sometimes to a determinate known place, sometimes to one determined only by the accessory, but

otherwise unlimited.

(26) The conjunctive word employed for the first purpose (when a fixed locality is to be designated) is WHENCE. Example: “ This deliverance comes WHENCE every blessing flows." Here the accessory, whence every blessing flows, determines the place from which the de

liverance comes.

(27) The remarks which we made (see § 92, note p. 291) in reference to the use of the preposition from before whence interrogative apply also to whence used as a conjunctive adverb. From is very geno · rally employed superfluously before the conjunctive whence. (28) The same objections apply to the use of the preposition before this word in both cases. (29) In the authorized version of the Bible, there are abundant examples of whence conjunctive preceded by from, and a considerable number in which the more correct construction, without a preposition, is employed.

were these accessories originally preceded? (22) What is said of another word having usurped the place of whither?

(23) To what other word does the same remark apply?

(24) Describe a third class of accessories of place. (25) What division of this class?

(26) What conjunctive word is employed with the first division? Example.

(27) What is said of remarks which apply to whence? (28) What is said of objections to the expression from whence? (29) Where may examples of this usage be found?