event to which it has reference and in which it terminates. (2) The words used to connect and indicate this species of accessory are the prepositions till and until. When thus used, we may call them prepositions conjunctively employed.

Ho

(3) Examples: You will remain here TILL, or UNTIL I return. must not depart TILL the courier arrives. "All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come." "Go thou thy way till the end be." "The people will not eat until he come." (4) Here the anticipated event (expressed in the accessory) which the principal assertion regards, and in which it terminates, is future at the time of speaking, because the main assertion itself has reference to the future. (5) But when the main assertion has reference to the past, the anticipated event expressed in the accessory, though future at the time to which the assertion refers, may be past when the assertion is uttered. Example: "I was wandering in a beautiful and romantic country, till curiosity began to give way to weariness," &c. (6) We may call this The accessory limiting by an event in anticipation; or, for the sake of brevity, THE ACCESSORY OF ANTICIPATION.

(7) PUNCTUATION.-When the accessory is strictly limiting, a comma is not inserted; when, as in the last example and the third above, it does not limit strictly, a comma is used.

(8) We need not repeat the observations made in reference to the accessory indicating precedence of time. The observations were intended to apply to all those accessories which are connected with the principal assertion by means of prepositions.

EXERCISE.---Furnish examples of this form of compound proposi

tions.

REMARKS.-(9) Before passing from the consideration of the adverbial accessories of time, we may notice that co-existence and immediate subsequence in point of time are sometimes indicated by the co-ordinate construction of propositions. Example :

"Up rose the sonne, and up rose Emilie."-Chauċ. This is equivalent to Emily rose, when the sun rose, or as the sun rose, or immediately after the sun rose. But more of this hereafter when we come to treat of co-ordinate construction. (See § 146.)

and what is said of these words? (3) Give examples. (4) Repeat the remark in reference to these examples. (5) What is said of the case when the main assertion refers to the past? Illustrate by an example. (6) What may we call this class of accessories? (7) Punctua tion?

(8) What observations apply to this class of accessories, and others preceded by prepo sitions?

what is said of another way of expressing coincidence of time.

(10) We may also notice here, what we shall have occasion to notice at more length presently, that accessories of time are sometimes apparently introduced by two separate conjunctive words. We have an example in the following lines of Milton;

"As when Alcides from Echalia crowned

With conquest, felt the envenomed robe," &c.

(11) The two conjunctive words as and when here perform separate and distinct functions, that is they connect, not the same, but different pairs of propositions. As indicates a comparison with the preceding facts, and connects a compound accessory of manner, of which the principal proposition being clearly implied is suppressed, and only the accessory part of this compound accessory proposition of manner is expressed. If we supply the words it happened or some similar proposition after as, we shall see clearly the nature of the construction and the distinct functions of the conjunctive words; thus, as it happened, or, as happened, WHEN Alcides, &c.

+

§ 130. (1) We next proceed to consider a numerous class of accessory propositions which have been called by some of the German grammarians accessories of causality. (2) The leading accessories of this general class assign a cause or reason for the assertion in the principal proposition; and hence the name given to them. Some of the accessories thus classed come properly within this designation, others we think it better to arrange under more distinctive names.

*This class of accessories, and all the classes generally which follow, affect the whole proposition to which they are attached, not the subject or predicate separately, or any single word in them. In this they are distinct from the preceding classes, which usually modify some word either expressed or implied in the principal proposition. We shall find too that their grammatical connection with the principal proposition is, at least in some cases, much more loose. Some of them as we shall presently see, though, perhaps, entitled to the name of accessory propositions, are scarcely to be considered as dependent, subordinate, or modifying propositions. They are, indeed, subjoined to other propositions, and may on this account be called accessories, but they express an independent thought. They may be considered perhaps as forming an intermediate class between subordinate and co-ordinate, or modifying and completely independent propositions.

(10) What other remark is made about accessories of time? Illustrate by example. 11) Explain the distinct uses of the two conjunctive words.

§ 130. (1) What general name is given to the class of accessories next to be considered? (2) What remarks are made in reference to this general class?

1st. (3) We shall consider first those which are more strictly accessories of causality, which express literally a cause for what is asserted in the principal proposition. (4) These we shall distinguish by the name of CAUSAL ADVERBIAL ACCESSORIES, OF ADVERBIAL ACCESSORIES OF CAUSALITY. (5) OF CAUSALITY. (5) The conjunctive word most generally employed in introducing these and expressing their peculiar relation to the principal proposition is BECAUSE.

(6) We proceed to illustrate the form and use of this accessory by examples. I cannot go with you, BECAUSE I have not time. The accessory I have not time is here evidently introduced for the purpose of expressing the cause for which I cannot go with you. (7) This kind of accessory is often arranged by our more ancient authors before the principal proposition which it completes. Examples: "Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed," &c. "Because I live, ye shall live also." It is most usual in modern English to place the accessory after the principal in such compound propositions.

(8) The word because may be regarded as a noun and preposition (by cause) modifying the verb in the principal proposition. (9) When because is thus regarded, the accessory which follows it is properly speaking an apposition complement to the noun cause. We may illustrate this by reference to the first example; thus, I cannot go BY (a or the) CAUSE expressed in the accessory; namely, I have not time: I cannot go, I have not time is the cause. (10) That is sometimes (though rarely, we think, by correct speakers or writers) introduced after because; thus, I cannot go, BECAUSE THAT I have not time. (11) When this rather clumsy form of expression occurs, that is to be regarded as a determinative placed before the accessory used substantively in apposition with cause.

(12) For because we can substitute for the or this reason that; thus, I cannot go with you, FOR THIS REASON, THAT I have not time. Here the accessory preceded by the determinative is to be regarded as an apposition modification to the noun reason.

(13) Other words besides because are sometimes used to introduce

(3) Describe the subdivision first to be considered. (4) By what name do we distinguish them? (5) What is the conjunctive word most frequently employed?

(6) Give examples. (7) What is said of arrangement? Example.

(8) What is said of the word because? (9) What does the accessory become, when 36cause is thus regarded? Illustrate. (10) What word is sometimes introduced after be cause? (11) How is that, when thus introduced, to be regarded?

(12) What phrase can be substituted for because ?

(18) What other words, besides because, are used to indicate causality? Illustrate.

a causal accessory. Among these we may enumerate since, seeing that, as, whereas. We might substitute any of these conjunctive expressions for because in the above examples without much change of the sense, though some of them would give an antiquated appearance to the form of the language. Thus, I cannot go, SINCE I have not time. I cannot go, SEEING or SEEING THAT I have not time.*

(14) These conjunctive words differ from because in this, that they intimate that the cause assigned in the accessory is manifest-apparent to the party addressed. (15) Thus, I cannot go, SINCE or SEEING THAT I have not time, is equivalent to I cannot go, the reason is apparent to yourself, viz.; I have not time, or I cannot go, you see I have not time. Using as we say, I cannot go, as I have not time. (16) This may bẹ regarded as a less formal, less forcible way of alleging a cause for not going. (17) With the conjunctive whereas, we say WHEREAS I have not time, I cannot go. When this word is used, the accessory comes first. But whereas is now seldom employed except in contracts and formal papers.

(18) PUNCTUATION.-Here a comma is inserted between principal and accessory.

EXERCISES.-Furnish examples of this construction.

§ 131. 2d. (1) There is a species of accessory very similar to the last, sometimes interchanging place with it, in which the preposition FOR serves chiefly as the conjunctive word. (2) The proper use of this species of accessory seems to be to express a reason—an argument to enforce the assertion in the principal proposition; in other words, to express a logical cause. (3) We do not think that for conjunctive (that is employed before an accessory) is entirely restricted to cases in which the cause is of a logical nature,

* Since in this sense and seeing may be regarded as different forms of the same word. It is not so certain that since, which we have had occasion to notice in treating of accessories of time, and which means from a definite time onward or down is exactly the same word, though agreeing now in form. (See Diversions of Purley on these words. R. Taylor's Ed.

p. 144.)

(14) How do these conjunctive words differ from because? (15) Illustrate by examples, (16) How may this mode of expression be regarded? (17) What is said of the use of the word whereas ? (18) What is the usage as to punctuation?

§ 131. (1) Describe another form of accessory similar to the preceding, and tell the conjunctive word. (2) What is the proper use of this accessory? (3) What is said in reference to its restriction to this use?

or what is properly called a reason. Our older authors, we think, sometimes use it where modern usage would demand because.*

(4) Upon the whole, we think that FOR conjunctive is now seldom employed for any other purpose except that of assigning a reason. We select a few examples for the purpose of illustration. (5) We can find the most abundant examples of this use of for in the writings of the apostle Paul as rendered in our authorized translation. (6) In the translation, we find conjunctive for used only, as far as we recollect, to introduce an argument—a reason for some preceding assertion, or statement of doctrine embracing perhaps numerous propositions. (7) It is often used in the commencement of a new sentence to indicate the connection between it and the preceding discourse. (8) "In all these things we are more than conquerors, through him that loved us. For I am persuaded that neither death, nor life, &c., shall be able to separate us from the love of God." Here FOR introduces the apostle's reason, or argument to corroborate the assertion, "In all these things we are more than conquerors." (9) We extract another short passage from the Epistle to the Romans, in which there are five examples of this species of accessory. "For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation. For the scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek; for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him. For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved." (10) The first for indicates the purpose of the first proposition quoted; namely, that of an accessory to corroborate the sentiments uttered in the preceding verses. The purpose served by

For is sometimes employed as a simple preposition (that is, before a single noun as opposed to an accessory proposition), in assigning a physical cause, though this is orly one purpose for which it is employed, and perhaps the purpose for which it is now most rarely employed. Thus, He acts so FOR fear; He cannot do so for shame, FOR pride, &c. It is now more common to use another form of expression in such cases; thus, He acts so BECAUSE of fear, THROUGH fear, or, On account of fear, according to the particular manner in which the word fear may be modified.

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(4) Repeat the opinion given in reference to the use of FOR conjunctive. (5) Where may we find abundant examples of this use of FOR to connect an accessory? (6) What is said of the use of FOR in the authorized translation? (7) For what purpose is it said to be often employed? (8) Adduce examples for illustration. (9) Present a written copy of the passage from Romans in which FOR occurs five times. (10) Show the use of each of these