for in other parts of the extract can be discovered without reference to any thing beyond what it contains. (11) “For, for this cause pay ye tribute also." Here the first for is conjunctive, the second a preposition. When the passage is arranged in a different order, the construction is perfectly clear. For ye pay tribute for this cause. (12) Though the word cause occurs in this accessory, the proposition as a whole expresses a reason, not a cause as distinguished from a

reason.

(13) For is often followed by other conjunctive words. When this occurs, the student will take notice that the two conjunctive words introduce (except they form a compound conjunction) two distinct accessories. (14) We often find for followed by if, sometimes by when, Examples, "For, if Abraham were justified by works, he hath whereof to glory." Let us change the arrangement, and it will become manifest that the two conjunctive words belong to, and introduce distinct propositions. Thus, FOR Abraham hath whereof to glory, IF hẻ were (was) justified by works. "For, when ye were the servants of sin, ye were free from righteousness," — FOR ye were free from righteousness, WHEN ye were the servants of sin. (15) We find sometimes three conjunctive words together, each introducing a distinct accessory. Example: "For, if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son; much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life." Here for introduces the whole compound accessory, having connection especially with the main or leading proposition in this compound accessory, “much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life." If introduces the proposition "we were reconciled by the death of his Son"--an accessory to the main proposition just mentioned; and when introduces the proposition before which it immediately stands, "we were enemies," which is an accessory to “if we were reconciled to God," &c. So that this last is the accessory of a compound accessory of a main compound accessory. If we arrange the passage in the following order, the student will readily see the functions which the several conjunctive words perform. For, being reconciled to God, we shall much more be saved by the life of his Son, IF we were reconciled by his death, WHEN we were enemies. (16) The

conjunctive FORS, viz., the propositions which they connect. (11) Give an example with two consecutive FORS. Explain it. (12) Repeat the remark about the word cause.

(18) What is said of cases in which FOR is followed by other conjunctions? (14) By what conjunctions is for often followed? Write the two examples, and, with them before you, explain the connection. (15) Write out the example commencing with three conjunctions, and explain the connection of the passage. (16) Repeat the substance of the remarks which follow

reader will observe how vastly inferior this arrangement is to that of the translators in energy, and even in perspicuity. This may teach us to appreciate the skill of the translators (Wiclif is the leader, followed by Tyndale, Cranmer, &c.), and the importance and difficulty of the art of arranging language, so as to express our thoughts with clearness and with force. It will be seen that it was not without reason that three conjunctive words are huddled together in this construction. Still this huddling together of conjunctive words, though here employed for good purpose, is not to be imitated, without the most urgent reasons.*

(17) We may call this species of accessory, THE ARGUMENTATIVE ACCESSORY. By argumentative in this case we mean that which assigns a reason or argument.

(18) PUNCTUATION.-Such accessories are usually separated from their principal by a comma, if not, as in many of the above examples, by a greater point.

We may notice some compounds of for, which are used, especially in older writers, to serve nearly similar purposes with for conjunctive. (19) We may enumerate forasmuch as, for that, for why, among these. (20) The accessory which originally followed forasmuch as, was, no doubt, a sort of Accessory of the Comparison of Equality, indicating that the principal assertion had an equal extent with the assertion in the accessory. But this form of expression has now come insensibly to indicate a reason, perhaps sometimes a cause, in the same way as the accessory with since or seeing that has come to do the same thing. This accessory, with forasmuch as, has the same form with the Accessory of Equal Intensity (much being the adjective compared), only that for is introduced before the as which precedes the adjective.t

*.

* It would form a useful grammatical exercise to select a number of passages similar to those above, and then ascertain which proposition each conjunctive word serves to introduce. Abundant examples can be found in the same treasury from which we have selected the above specimens.

If we admit that much is here substantively employed (that is, has a noun implied, which it certainly has), the form exactly coincides with the following, in which the accessory is evidently of the class to which we have

(17) By what name may we call this accessory

(18) Remark on punctuation.

(13) Enumerate some compounds of FOR used by old writers for similar purposes. (20) Repeat the substance of what is said about the accessory which follows fcrasmuch a Illustrating by examples. Write the examples.

Examples: Forasmuch as I know that thou hast been of many years a judge unto this nation, I do the more cheerfully answer for myself," Since, or seeing that I know, &c. The accessory, “Forasmuch as I know," &c., expresses the apostle's reason for more cheerfully answering for himself; or, if you please, the cause that he more cheerfully answered for himself, but a logical, not a physical cause. "Be ye steadfast, unmovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know that your labor is not in vain in the Lord,” Since ye know, &c., in the Greek simply knowing that. Here the accessory follows the principal proposition; in the former example it preceded it.

(21) We also meet with Forasmuch then as = therefore since, or therefore if. For example, " Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold," &c. THEREFORE SINCE we are the offspring, &c. Both then in the example and therefore in our substitute belong to, and connect the second proposition, or rather the whole compound proposition, "we ought not," &c., with the preceding discourse. "Forasmuch as we are the offspring of God" is the accessory in this compound proposition.

(22) These accessories which commence with forasmuch as, are represented in some of the other versions by accessories commencing with because, since, and in Wiclif (Luke xix. 9), by for that.

(23) Inasmuch as is also employed nearly in the same way, but retaining more similarity to the accessory of Equal Intensity. (See Ex. Heb. vii. 20.)

(24) In Wiclif's translation, as above noticed, we have for that since or because, and in James iv. 15, our translators have employed for that as equivalent to therefore. "For that ye ought to say," &c.

THEREFORE ye ought to say. The word therefore in fact is for that inverted; since there is simply the dative feminine corresponding to that, now used as of all genders. The dative there is used because

given the name of accessories of equal intensity. It is outrageous for as RICH A MAN AS you are to oppress the poor; or, for a man as rich, &c. We believe this is English, though so would be more proper before the adjective than as; at all events, the example will serve the purpose of illustration.

(21) Repeat in substance what is said of forasmuch then as. Illustrate by examples. (22) Repeat the remark about accessories with forasmuch as.

(23) Remark in reference to inasmuch as?

(24) Repeat the remarks in reference to for that, and therefore, and show the relation between these expressions.

in the Anglo-Saxon, the preposition for takes a dative or accusative with it. Therefore, more properly written therefor — for there nodern for that.

(25) In that is used to connect accessories of similar import. Examples: "Thou hast shamed this day the faces of all thy servants *** in that thou lovest thine enemies," &c. BECAUSE thou lovest thine enemies, &c. "And was heard in that he feared." This is intended, we presume, to mean because he feared. (Marginal reading "For his pietie;" Wiclif, "and was herd for his reverence;” Tyndale, was also hearde because of his godliness.")

(26) For that and in that may be considered obsolete as conjunctions. The accessories in which they occur may be treated as substantive accessories preceded by that determinative, having the prepositions for and in prefixed with the same force as when they are prefixed to nouns. (27) This is the ultimate result of a thorough analysis of this sort of accessories, and it is best and perhaps easiest to come to this at once, especially in cases which are rare of occurrence or not to be found except in ancient authors. Accessories which are of frequent recurrence we may class, and bring under a formula and a denomination, to which we may refer without the trouble of having recourse in every case to complete analysis.

EXAMPLE.-Furnish examples of compound propositions with argumentative accessories.

§ 132. There is a kind of accessories which it may be useful to consider in connection with the causal and argumentative accessories, because by contrast they may serve to illustrate each other. (1) Instead of expressing a cause or a reason the class we are about to consider express an effect or a consequence. (2) Like the causal, they are of two species. (3) One species exhibits the effects which proceed from physical causes, the other the conclusions or inferences deduced from arguments or reasonings. (4) The word therefore is much used in introducing both these species of accessories. (5) We may call the first The Accessory of Effect, the second The Accessory of Inference.

(25) What is said of the use of in that? Illustrate by example.

(26) How may for that and in that be considered? How may the accessorios which they connect be treated when they occur? (27) Repeat the remark.

§ 132. (1) Describe, generally, another class of accessories. (2) How many species of these! (3) Distinguish these two species. (4) What word is employed to connect them (5) By what names may we call them?

(6) We submit examples of the accessory of effect. This farm is carefully cultivated, THEREFORE it is productive. The soil in this place is good, therefore the trees grow large. (7) The first proposition in both examples expresses a physical cause to which that expressed in the subjoined propositions (which for the time we call accessories) is ascribed. Cause-the soil is good; effect-the trees grow large. "I believed, therefore have I spoken." Here again is a physical though immaterial cause--a cause acting through the medium of the human mind.

(8) We can in all such cases employ the causal form of accessory to express nearly the same meaning, by making what we have here regarded for the time being as the accessory the principal in a new compound proposition, and giving the principal, or what we have been above regarding as principal, the form and accompaniment of an accessory of cause. Thus, This farm is productive, BECAUSE it is carefully cultivated. The trees grow large in this place, BECAUSE the soil is good. I have spoken, BECAUSE I believed.

(9) Again, we have many examples in which the one proposition assumes the form of the accessory of cause, and the other the form o what we have been calling the accessory of effect. (10) Thus, "Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil." The question here presents itself, which of these propositions shall we consider accessory? Both have accessory forms, or, at least, the form which a proposition assumes when it is to be connected with another. We think that the proposition which expresses the effect is to be considered the principal one. It is so logically, and grammar and logic should be exhibited as accordant, when it is possible to do so, without straining the construction of language or the laws of thought.

(11) It seems to follow from what we have now said, that what we call the accessory of effect is not properly a subordinate or merely modifying proposition; but either, as in the last example, the principal proposition, or a second independent proposition referring back by the medium of the word therefore to the preceding proposition as expressing something which stands to what it expresses in the relation of cause to effect. The relation in which the two propositions, in such

(6) Give examples. (7) Repeat the substance of the illustration.

(8) What form of expression can be substituted for that above? Describe the substitution, and illustrate by examples.

(9) Describe another form in which such compound propositions are presented. (10) Write the example, and holding this, answer the question discussed; namely, which proposition shall we in such cases consider as the accessory?

(11) Repeat the substance of what is said in reference to the accessory of effect.