to the United States is to continually examine and implement methods by which the republic can meet its responsibilities and carry out its aspirations without, at the same time, renouncing those precepts which have made us great. An esteemed member of Congress

once noted that our concern should center not so much on freedoms from, such as freedom from want or freedom from fear, as on freedoms for a better, more creative life for all peoples of the earth.

In assuring our national security, as President Nixon has pointed out, "We do not seek power as an end in itself. We seek power adequate to our purpose, and our purpose is peace.

Reading List

1. Ackley, Charles W. The Modern Military in American Society. Philadelphia: Westminister Press, 1972.

2. Buchanan, William. Public Opinion Polls: How nations see each other. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood, 1973.

3. Dickinson, William B. Jr. Watergate: Chronology of a crisis. Washington, D. C.: Congressional quarterly, 1973.

4. Green, Mark J. Who Runs Congress? New York: Bantam, 1972.

5. Harris, Joseph P. Congress and the Legislative Process. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.

6. Jesse, William Leyda. New Military Professional. Riverside, Calif. Univ. of Calif., 1972.

7. Larson, Arthur D. National Security Affairs: a guide to information sources. Detroit: Gale Research, 1973.

8. McGarvey, Patrick J. C.I.A., the Myth and the Madness. New York: Saturday Review, 1972.

9. Trager, Frank N. National Security and American Society: theory, process and policy. Lawrence, Kans.: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1973.

NATURAL RESOURCES

The land area of the United States along with its adjoining seabeds contain vast amounts of minerals. This is indeed fortunate for Americans; they use annually some four billion tons of new minerals--roughly 20 tons per person.

Although blessed with impressive mineral resources, the United States faces problems in assuring future supplies of materials. Domestic demand for minerals is outdistancing development of domestic resources. Also, in a world becoming more interdependent economically, we face increased political difficulty and increased prices in getting supplies of minerals from foreign sources.

To consider the mineral position of the United States it is useful to distinguish between two terms: resources and reserves. "Mineral resources" are defined as concentrations of naturally occurring solids, liquids or gases, discovered or only surmised, that are or might become economic sources of mineral raw materials. "Mineral reserves" are that portion of "mineral resources" that have actually been identified, and can be legally and economically extracted. Data on reserves are important for the near future. Reserves usually constitute a 10- to 20-year working inventory. Reserve data bear almost no relation to total mineral resources that ultimately may be recovered.

The table listed at Appendix I is based on the Secretary of the Interior's 1973 report, Mining and Minerals Policy. It provides in general terms an estimate of U.S. mineral resources.

The United States also has been blessed with an abundant supply of water, although good quality water is not always present where and when it is needed. As with many other natural resources, we have recognized in recent years a need to plan more efficient use of water. There have, of course, been major water programs in the past, designed to provide inland navigation, flood control, hydroelectric power, and reclamation of unproductive land. However, as the National Water Commission noted in its 1973 final report, "conditions have changed since the policies for those programs were established.

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The Commission noted an important new goal which had emerged in the past decade: cleaning up our rivers and lakes and preserving as much as possible of rivers not yet developed. To accomplish this the Commission recommended that where practicable public subsidies should be avoided and "direct beneficiaries of water facilities should be obliged to pay the cost of such

Significantly, a similar approach is apparent in the first of three policy recommendations made in 1973 by the National Commission on Materials Policy. This Commission, in its final report, encouraged policy makers to:

1. "Strike a balance between the need to produce goods and the need to protect the environment by modifying the materials system so that all resources, including environmental, are paid for by the users.

2. "Strive for an equilibrium between the supply of materials and the demand for their use by increasing primary materials production and by conserving materials through accelerated waste recycling and greater efficiency-of-use of materials.

3. "Manage materials policy more effectively by recognizing the complex interrelationships of the materials-energyenvironment systems so that laws, executive orders, and administrative practices reinforce policy and not counteract it.

1/ IDENTIFIED RESOURCES

are defined as including reserves and materials other than reserves which are reasonably
well known as to location, extent and grade and which may be exploitable in the future under
more favorable economic conditions or with improvements in technology.

2/HYPOTHETICAL RESOURCES are undiscovered, but geologically are predictable deposits of materials similar to identified resources.

1/ 2/ RESOURCE APPRAISAL TERMS

Large

Huge

Huge

Huge

(Known data insufficient)--Resources not estimated because of insufficient geologic knowledge of surface or subsurface areas.