thing in large abattoirs to find animals apparently in the pink of condition containing widespread and extensive lesions of tuberculosis. But this source of information is not generally available.

As a striking proof of the value of the information imparted in the manner just indicated, it may be said that the Live Stock Sanitary Board is applied to for the greatest number of inspections in districts in which the greatest number of demonstrations of this kind have been held. As an illustration of this, there is a community in one of the eastern counties of the State in which there were many farmers who were opposed to any inspection of herds for the purpose of repressing tuberculosis. They did not believe that the disease was prevalent enough to be of economic importance, and some of them claimed that it was of little or no importance from the standpoint of public health. No inspections were applied for in this district until, a few months ago, the owner of a herd of twelve cows had lost three of his animals by death from tuberculosis. He thereupon applied for an inspection of the remaining members of his herd, and much to his surprise all of the animals reacted to the test. It was arranged to have them appraised and killed. The matter excited a great deal of interest in the neighborhood, and as many as two hundred farmers came to see the postmortem examinations. They were so impressed with what they saw that a flood of applications for herd tests came to the Live Stock Sanitary Board from that neighborhood, and, as the inspections could not be made as rapidly as was desired, many cattle owners had their cattle tested at their own expense. This illustrates the fact that has been reiterated in this report, that the farmers of Pennsylvania want healthy herds. The farmer who knows that his herd is infected with tuberculosis and who does not apply to the State for assistance in checking the infection is the exception. Therefore what is needed is to bring the facts in regard to tuberculosis to the attention of cattle owners, and no more effective way of doing this has been devised than to make it possible for them to witness postmortem examinations on tubercular cattle.

Sometimes dairymen do not wish to have their tubercular animals utilized in this public way. They desire the slaughter to be conducted privately. Such requests are always observed. Where many animals are to be destroyed and where the facilities are poor, and especially during severe weather, it is most convenient to ship condemned cattle to a fertilizer establishment. The expense of shipment is in this case taken out of the amount paid for the cattle, and the balance is kept by the owner.

Another result of the recognition of the facts in regard to tuberculosis has been the lessening of the tendency that was so extremely prevalent to exaggerate or minimize the facts in regard to the disease. At one time it was very dif ficult to find articles or to hear discussious on this disease in which the dangers were not grossly exaggerated or the importance underestimated.

During the period of operation of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board 34,000 cattle have been examined and tested with tuberculin at the expense of the State, and of these 4,800 have been condemned, destroyed, and paid for. The payments amount to $119,000. The cost of the inspections has been $20,000, making a total expenditure of $139,000 in four years. An attempt has always been made to select the most extensively diseased herds for inspection. During the first eighteen months of the work, that is up to June 1, 1897, 9,108 cattle were tested, and of these 1,839 were condemned. The percentage of tuberculosis, therefore, was 20.39. From June 1, 1897, to June 1, 1899, 16,687 cattle were examined and 2,116 were condemned, making the percentage of tuberculosis 12.67. The fact should not be lost sight of in this connection that these figures represent the percentage of infection among the most extensively infected herds in Pennsylvania. Since June, 1899, very few herds were examined where there was not strong reason to believe that they were infected, and, indeed, extensively infected, before the

inspection was made. At present a good many herds are being examined at the expense of their owners, and the tubercular animals are being taken over by the State. (Under the arrangement afforded by Application Form C.)

At least as many herds have been examined by their owners as have been examined by the State, and only a limited portion of the tubercular cattle found in these herds are appraised and paid for by the State. Some of them are no doubt sold to drovers and disposed of to other farmers, where they may have an opportunity to spread disease, and others are sold to butchers and turned into food for man. Still others are destroyed by their owners and no compensation is asked for. It should not be inferred that in these inspections made by private expense anything like as many tubercular cattle are found as in inspections made by the State, because the inspections made privately frequently-indeed, usually-reveal the entire herd to be free from infection.

The applications for herd tests are from two to four times as numerous as the inspections made by the State. Some applications are not accompanied by evidence that tuberculosis exists in the herds; others are accompanied by insufficient evidence. Applications are sifted very carefully, and as many inspections are made as can be paid for, and it is the constant endeavor to select for inspection herds that are most likely to contain diseased animals.

All of this shows that interest in tuberculosis and the desire to eradicate it from herds are developing at a rapid rate in Pennsylvania. This tendency is seen not only in requests for inspection, but also in improvements in stables, increased care in purchasing additions to herds, and by the increase of breeding as opposed to the purchase of dairy cows.

An exact census of tubercular cattle in Pennsylvania has never been made and can never be made. Therefore it is impossible to say how much tuberculosis there was in the State and to compare that amount with the undetermined amount that exists at this time. All evidence on this point must be somewhat indirect and circumstantial. There is, however, conclusive evidence to the effect that tuberculosis is very much less prevalent among the cattle of Pennsylvania than it was when the work of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board started in 1896. For example, nearly all of the worn out dairy cows from the herds in the vicinity of Philadelphia are shipped to that city for slaughter. These cattle are inspected more or or less thoroughly by the city meat inspectors. The inspectors visiting or stationed at the Philadelphia slaughterhouses are impressed by the fact that there is very much less tuberculosis among cows than was the case three or four years ago. The practicing veterinarians of the State are in constant contact with herds and are at all times informed as to the general health of the cattle within their fields of practice. The veterinarians testify almost uniformly that tuberculosis is gradually but surely being repressed in the herds with which they come in contact. In the dairy counties in the northeastern part of the State, where there was at one time considerable tuberculosis, thousands of cattle have been tested during the past two years without finding 1 per cent of tubercular animals. It is in these counties that the Live Stock Sanitary Board has done the greatest amount of work, and 550 tubercular cattle have been removed from them.

The increased desire of herd owners to purchase cows known to be free from tuberculosis is shown by the fact that many breeders of purebred cattle guarantee the animals they sell to be free from tuberculosis as established by tuberculin test. At all of the principal auction sales of cattle of the better class the tuberculin test is required by purchasers. Moreover, many dealers in ordinary dairy cows find it to their advantage to have them tested with tuberculin so that they may be able to guarantee all cattle they sell to be free from disease.

Since it is admitted by all who have carefully studied the subject that tuberculosis can never be eradicated from herds without the cooperation of herd owners and an earnest desire on their part that the disease shall be suppressed, the fact

that the herd owners of Pennsylvania are so earnest in this matter constitutes a most hopeful and encouraging sign, and means that the disease will be suppressed. The question now arises as to whether the plan now employed is the best adapted to the purpose in view. The work that has been and is being done has the effect of not only removing diseased and dangerous animals, but, so far as possible, it insures a permanent result for money expended, and in addition it has an educational value that must be looked upon as of great importance. There can be no doubt as to the urgent sanitary grounds for the removal from herds and from the food supply of all cattle afflicted with advanced or udder tuberculosis. But this work alone would continue indefinitely if action were not taken to prevent the disease so that these particularly dangerously diseased animals would not be continually produced. It is for the purpose of striking at the root of the evil that the other measures described above are designed.

RHODE ISLAND.

The enforcement of laws for the control of contagious diseases of animals in Rhode Island is in the hands of the State Board of Agriculture. The board has power to appoint one or more persons in each county whose duty it shall be to inquire into the condition of any animal or carcass suspected of being affected with tuberculosis, and they may quarantine any such animal or carcass until inspected by the veterinarian employed by the board.

The commissioner of a county must notify the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of any suspected case of disease, who shall fix a day when the appraisers and the veterinary surgeon shall make an inspection; if the animal is found to be diseased, it is appraised and killed. The maximum limit of appraisement for any single ordinary or "scrub" animal is $50; for any single graded animal, $75; for any single registered animal, $100.

The appraisers may quarantine any suspected animals, and onethird of the cost of such quarantine is paid by the State.

The State pays to the owner one-half of the appraised value; but if a postmortem shows the animal not to have been affected with tuberculosis, the animal shall be paid for at its full appraised value. These provisions do not apply if the animal so killed has not been owned within the State for three months prior to its being killed.

A certificate giving a description of each animal brought into the State, the date and place of examination, the preparation of tuberculin used, the same to be signed by a veterinarian, shall be sent to the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who in turn sends it, for purposes of identification, to the commissioner for the county where they are to enter the State. The penalty for violation is not to exceed $100.

Anyone desiring to import cattle into the State without obtaining the certificate mentioned above shall give written notice to the commissioner for the county where they are to go within forty-eight hours after their arrival in the State; such notification shall contain a list

of the cattle, with full descriptions as to age, sex, etc. The cattle commissioner makes an examination of the cattle, and if found free of tuberculosis the fact is certified upon a permit and the cattle are released. If it is suspected that the cattle are affected with tuberculosis, the importer must make the tuberculin test; if this test confirms the suspicion, the cattle are killed, and the State is exempt from the payment of indemnity. If any animal so slaughtered is found not to be affected with tuberculosis, the State pays the full appraised value as indemnity.

The State Board of Agriculture and its representatives may enter any premises for enforcing the law.

The Governor is empowered to accept the rules and regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and the inspectors of said Bureau shall have the right of inspection, quarantine, and condemnation of animals.

The laws relating to bovine tuberculosis are as follows:

LAWS.

AN ACT in amendment of Chapter 507, Chapter 627, Chapter 643, and Chapter 1025 of the Public Laws. (Passed May 19, 1892.)

It is enacted by the General Assembly as follows:

SEC. 8. The board may appoint one cattle commissioner in each county of the State whose duty it shall be to visit and inquire into the condition of any domestic animal in their respective counties whenever there is reason to suspect that any such animal is affected with tuberculosis or other contagious, infectious, or communicable disease.

SEC. 9. The board may employ veterinary surgeons.

SEC. 10. Whenever any animal shall be suspected by either of the cattle commissioners to be affected with tuberculosis the commissioner of the county where the animal is found shall immediately notify the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who shall promptly fix a day when the appraisers, duly appointed as hereinafter provided, shall visit the suspected animal with the veterinary surgeon; and upon confirmation of the disease, and after appraisement of the value as hereinafter provided, the affected animal shall be killed, and the carcass disposed of in such a manner as will not be detrimental to the public health.

SEC. 11. For the purposes aforesaid the board may appoint some suitable person as appraiser whose duty it shall be to act with one of the cattle commissioners in each county, which two persons shall constitute the board of appraisers for the county. In case of disagreement between the two appraisers the veterinary surgeon shall act as a third appraiser, and the estimate of value of either two of them shall be final: Provided, That not more than $50 shall be allowed for any single native animal, nor more than $75 for any single grade animal, nor more than $100 for any single registered animal. And written notice of the amount of the appraisal signed by the board of appraisers shall be immediately given to the owner or claimant of said animal: And provided further, That any party aggrieved by any award made under the provisions of this section may appeal therefrom to said board within five days after the receipt of said notice.

SEC. 12. The board of appraisers, by and with the advice of the veterinary surgeon, is hereby authorized to quarantine any animal or animals supposed to be affected with a contagious, infectious, or communicable disease, and one-third of

the cost of such quarantining shall be assumed and paid by the State, except as otherwise provided in Section 21 of this act.

SEC. 13. The State shall pay to the owner of any animal killed under the provisions of Section 10 of this act one-half of its appraised value; but if upon a postmortem examination it shall be found that the slaughtered animal was not affected with tuberculosis, then the animal so killed shall be paid for at its full appraised value: Provided, That the State shall not pay for any diseased animal so killed if the animal has not been in the possession of its present owner three months previous to the day of the slaughter.

SEC. 14. When any person shall be shown to have knowingly brought into this State an animal suffering, or suspected to be suffering, with tuberculosis, or to have concealed the existence of such disease in any animal owned by him, such person shall not be entitled to any compensation for the animal slaughtered under this act, and shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined for such offense not exceeding $100.

SEC. 15. All persons having knowledge or reasons to suspect that any neat cattle or bovine animal has the contagious pleuropneumonia or Texas cattle fever, or that any horse has glanders or farcy, or that any bovine animal or horse has any other highly contagious, infectious, or communicable disease dangerous to public health, shall make report concerning the same by mail or otherwise to the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture immediately, giving the name of the owner or custodian of the said animal or animals and the place of keeping of the same. SEC. 16. No person having the care or custody of any animal having any one of the diseases mentioned in the preceding sections shall, knowing the same to have any such disease, sell or exchange, or permit the removal, use, or driving of the same upon any public highway, or the exposure of the same to contact with any other healthy animal of the same kind, except by permission of some member or agent of the State Board of Agriculture. Any person so doing shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on being convicted shall be fined not exceeding $100. SEC. 17. The State Board of Agriculture, or its duly authorized representatives, having reason to suspect the existence of any of the diseases mentioned in this act upon any grounds or premises, are hereby authorized and empowered to enter upon such grounds or premises for the enforcement of the provisions of this act. SEC. 18. The Governor is hereby authorized to accept, on behalf of the State, the rules and regulations prepared by the Commissioner of Agriculture under and in pursuance of Section 3 of an act of Congress approved May 29, 1884, entitled "An act for the establishment of a Bureau of Animal Industry, to prevent the exportation of diseased cattle, and to provide means for the suppression and extirpation of pleuropneumonia and other contagious diseases among domestic animals," and to cooperate with the authorities of the United States in [enforcing] the provisions of said act.

SEC. 19. The inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry of United States, in cooperation with the State Board of Agriculture, shall have the right of inspection, quarantine, and condemnation of animals affected with any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease, or suspected to be so affected, or that have been exposed to any such disease, and for these purposes are hereby authorized and empowered to enter upon any ground or premises. Said inspectors, in cooperation with the State Board of Agriculture, shall have the power to call on sheriffs, constables, and peace officers to assist them in the discharge of their duties in carrying out the provisions of the act of Congress approved May 29, 1884, establishing the Bureau of Animal Industry; and it is hereby made the duty of sheriffs, constables, and peace officers to assist said inspectors when so requested; and said inspectors shall have the same power and protection as peace officers while engaged in the discharge of their duties.