breeders of sire and dam, and often of grandsires and granddams, thus making the statement more complete and giving a convenient means of ascertaining its veracity at headquarters. This is forwarded with the proper fee to the secretary's office. Here the breeding is verified, entered upon the records, a number assigned the animal bearing it, and a certificate of registry is sent the owner, stating that the animal, calved and bred as stated in the application, is recorded by the number given in the association's herdbook, except with the Red Poll Association. Numbers are assigned consecutively as applications for entry come in. This number is then the means by which an animal's identity and pedigree may be established at any time, and is of vital importance, the name being only secondary, as there are many animals recorded under the same name." MISCELLANEOUS DOCUMENTS. Certified pedigrees.-If desired, a certified pedigree may be issued with the certificate of registry. This is usually tabulated, certified as correct, and bears the signatures of the president and secretary of the association. It stands as an official record and is valued accordingly. Transfers.-Applications for transfer are made out on sale of animals, stating sex, name, and number of animal, and names of seller and purchaser, and are used only with animals already recorded. They are usually sent by the seller to headquarters for record and a certificate of transfer is issued by the association. Breeding certificates.-Breeding certificates and statements certifying to lease of sire are also used on occasion and are of great value to prevent entanglements in the ramifications of breeding operations. Fees.--Nominal fees are charged for the various services just under discussion. Entry fees vary with the age of the animal, a penalty in the way of an increase of the fee attaching to neglect to register before certain ages. Fees for transfer are paid by the person sending them for record. While the same general forms are used by all associations for animals of both sexes, we meet with numerous modifications and variations. For example, if a cow is registered, space is usually provided on the certificate of entry for date of breeding and name of bull. This accompanies every certificate given the purchaser on sale of a cow, and serves the same purpose as a statement of breeding in a sale catalogue. Some associations supply a different form of entry blank for animals imported from Great Britain, and in others the record of the females in the breeding herds is sent in annually. In some cases a cow may be rerecorded, this being done to show her produce. a Volume XXII of the American Hereford Herd Book records 22 animals under the name of Daisy and 27 as Beauty, and the popularity of these names has recorded 30 "Beautys" and 32 "Daisys" in the 43d volume of the Shorthorn Herd Book, with variations innumerable. THE HERDBOOK. A perusal of pedigree to any extent leads one inevitably to the herdbook. These records are usually confined to mere presentations of the facts stated in the owner's application for entry, with no attempt to give more of an animal's pedigree than the names of his sire and dam. In some of the older volumes one will find that records are entered at greater length.* To trace out a pedigree by means of the herdbook, all that is necessary is to find the record of the animal whose pedigree is wanted, thus obtaining the names and numbers of the sires and dams, looking up the breeding of these in the same manner and carrying the process out for each line of descent. By writing down the ancestors as they occur, we have a tabulated pedigree. A representation of the forms employed by the association will serve to make this explanation clearer and may be of interest. SHORTHORN. All but the Shorthorn herdbook register animals by number, regardless of sex. Shorthorn bulls are registered by number, but the page and volume of the herdbook on which the breeding of a cow appears serves as her registry, and her lineage is always traced by means of the sire; e. g., we have Princess Alice (vol. 35, p. 628) by Field Marshal 64894; Mary Abbotsburn 7th (vol. 39, p. 612) by Young Abbotsburn 110679, etc. In describing a Shorthorn cow, therefore, the name and number of her sire are always essential to accuracy and completeness, for two cows of the same name are sometimes recorded on the same page. The principal advantage in recording a cow in this manner is that it provides a check whereby greater accuracy is insured. The following is the form in which bulls are recorded: 137459 BARON BROWNDALE FOURTH. Dark roan, calved July 8, 1897, bred by H. F. Brown, Minneapolis, Minn., got by Victor of Browndale 117621, out of Constance of Cloughdale 2d (vol. 39, p. 369) by Bloom's Duke of South Fork 90689-tracing to imp. Constance by Bridegroom (11203). The number of this bull is 137459, his sire Victor of Browndale 117621, and his dam Constance of Cloughdale 2d, who is recorded on page 369 of volume 39 of the American Shorthorn Herd Book, and whose sire is Bloom's Duke of South Fork 90689. Baron Browndale Fourth traces through his dam to the imported cow Constance whose sire is Bridegroom, number 11203 in the English Herd Book. In addition to serving as the official repository of pedigrees, the herdbook is the official organ of the association, through which proceedings of meetings, news of the breed, and other matters of interest are presented to the public. The following is the recorded form used for cows: RUSSELLA-Red, calved March 20, 1894, bred by Ezra Swain, Noblesville, Ind., got by Czar 107007 out of Dutchess Nonpareil (vol. 37, p. 891) by Lord Nonpareil 63437— tracing to imp. 12th Duchess of Gloster by Champion of England (17526). 1896, Dec. 14, red b. c., by Secret Victor 121092, Virginia C. Meredith. 1898, Oct. 14, roan c. c., Ruberta (vol. 45, p. ) by St. Valentine 121011, J. G. Robbins & Sons. This cow is recorded in vol. 44, page 854. The form is exactly the same as for bulls, with the omission of the number, and the difference in the position of the cow's name. A produce table, showing the offspring of the cow, may be appended to her own record, as in this case. This shows the date the calf was dropped, its sex, sire, and breeder. Open numbers refer to the American Herd Book; numbers in marks of parenthesis () to the English Herd Book. Cows are entered in the herdbook under the names of their breeders, which are arranged alphabetically. Names of imported cows are printed in italics. To be eligible to registry in the American Herd Book, all animals must have registered parents, and trace to an imported parent or be registered in the English Herd Book, imported animals tracing to cows registered in the first twenty volumes of that record. HEREFORD. As already indicated, all Herefords are numbered consecutively without regard to sex. Cows, therefore, are numbered, and their records are found in the herdbook by this means. The following is a copy from a page of Vol. XXII, American Hereford Herd Book: ABERDEEN-ANGUS. The Angus Association records bulls and cows consecutively, publishing the pedigree in the catalogue form already shown (page 22). A sample is shown here: 26060. QUEEN MCHENRY 15th. Cow. Calved October 11, 1896. Black; some white on udder. Bred and owned by W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa. Gudgell & Simpson.Jenny June 4775............... Peter Cran.. Peter Cran... Peter Cran.. Wm. McCombie.. W. Fullerton. ..Jenny Lind 4874...... ..Jemima 2d of Morlich 1607. Heather Lad 4th J. R. Harvey. 16747. Knight of St. Patrick R. C. Auld. Marshal Var 613......John Hannay. .Jemima of Morlich 1470. Patrick 440 Peter Cran. Fancy of Morlich 612....Balwyllo Eclipse 443..Trus. R. Scott. Beauty of Morlich 442...Angus 83 .. Wm. McCombie....Windsor 107 ...... Wm. Fullerton.. The Galloway form very closely resembles that used by the Shorthorn Association. 12957. GRACE OF WAVERTREE-Cow. Calved March 21, 1890. Bred by Hugh Paul, of Dundee, Minn. Owned by G. H. Gurley, of Pipestone, Minn. Sired by Hero of Wavertree 3668, out of Imp. China 2d 2718 (4403) by Earl of Nithsdale (1035)—China (4402) by Lord of Nithsdale (616)-Meg. This shows the cow Grace of Wavertree, recorded as 12957, her sire is Hero of Wavertree 3668, and her dam the imported cow China 2d 2718 (4403), by Earl of Nithsdale (1035). China 2d was recorded in the Scotch herdbook as (4403). Her dam was China (4402), by Lord of Nithsdale (616), and China's dam was Meg. DEVON. Devon bulls and cows are numbered separately. This presents some very commendable features, no possible danger of confusion presenting itself. The bull's record below is self-explanatory. Calved February 1, 1894. Bred by Jos. Hilton & Sons, New Scotland, N. Y. By Lord Flemington 4773. Dam Sturdy Dame 7314. RED POLL. The Red Poll herdbook appears somewhat more complicated at first sight than the other herdbooks. Bulls and cows are entered separately, |