the attempt, decided by Brit- ish Navy, 10-12; British advance from, under Carle- ton, 1776, 15-26; Burgoyne's advance from, 1777, 51-53. Cap François (now Cap Haïtien), French naval station on north side of Haïti, 147-149, 153, 154, 168, 176, 178, 206, 223, 225. Carkett, Robert, British Naval Cap-
tain, misunderstanding of Rodney's orders by, causes failure of British attack of April 17, 1780, 133; Rodney's censure of, 137-139. Carleton, Sir Guy, Governor and Commander-in-Chief, in Can- ada, 1775-6, 9; besieged and blockaded in Quebec by Americans, 10-12; relieved by British Navy, 11; takes the offensive, 17; delayed decisively by Arnold's prep- arations on Lake Cham- plain, 13, 18; battle of Val- cour Island, 20-23; success- fully eluded by Arnold, 23; honored by Government for the campaign, 26. Carolinas, North and South, sup-
posed British sympathies in, 31, exaggerated, 175; ex- pedition against Charleston, and battle of Charleston Har- bor, 1776, 31-38; opera- tions against, and against Georgia, renewed, 1779, 113- 115, and 1780, 151-153; dis- astrous consequences to Brit- ish operations, 114, 152, 174- 176. Champlain, Lake, Decisive effect of naval operations upon, 3, 4, 7, 13, 14, 25, 26; strategic importance of, 7; naval cam- paign upon, 1775-1776, chap- ter i; remains in naval con- trol of British throughout the war, 28. Charleston, South Carolina, attack upon by British squadron, 1776, 32-37; siege and cap- ture of, by the British, 1780, 114, 151. Chesapeake Bay, naval command
of, by French, 1781, accom- plishes independence of United States, 4, 114, 184; Sir William Howe moves by way of, against Philadelphia, 1777, 52; operations in and near, 1781, 169–174, 177-185; Brit- ish control of, in 1781, prior to arrival of de Grasse, 174; de Grasse reaches, 1781, 178. Clinton, Sir Henry, British General, commands land force em- ployed in Carolinas, 1776, 31, 32; in seizure of Narragansett Bay, 48; left in command at New York by Howe, 1777, 52; advance up the Hudson River, 1777, 55; relieves Howe as Commander-in-Chief in North America, 56, 63; evacuates Philadelphia, and retreats upon New York, 1778, 63; narrowness of his escape, 63, 64; evacuates Narragansett Bay, 1779, 115; operations of, in South Caro- lina, and capture of Charles- ton, 151; leaves Cornwallis in command in Carolina, and re- turns to New York, 152; sends detachments to Virginia, for diversion in favor of Corn- wallis, 1781, 153, 169; seri- ous difference of opinion be- tween, and Cornwallis, 115, 175; orders of, to Corn- wallis, which result in posi- tion at Yorktown, 1781, 175. Commerce, effects upon, through inadequate naval preparation, 59-61, 117, 126, 158; table of losses of British, 61 (note). Convoys, effect of, upon naval
action, strategic or tactical, 105, 106, 109, 122, 126, 130, 148, 155-157, 158, 166, 176, 188, 189, 193, 199, 206-209, 227-229, 229-231, 235, 236- 238, 240, 246. Cornwallis, Charles, Earl, British General, accompanies expedi- tion against Charleston, 1776, 31; hurried to Trenton, after Washington's victory there, 49; professional quarrel with
Sir H. Clinton, 115, 175; at siege and capture of Charles- ton, 152; left in command of southern department, 1780, 152; defeats Gates at Cam- den, 1780, 152; pushes on to North Carolina, 152; em- barrassments there, 152; en- ters Virginia, and joins Arnold at Petersburg, 1781, 153, 174; ordered by Clinton to occupy a defensive position which
retake, 252; relieved by Suf- fren, 252-254.
Darby, George, British Admiral, commands Channel Fleet, 1780, 157; relief of Gibraltar by, 1781, 186-188; blocked in Torbay by Franco-Span- ish fleet, 1781, 188-189. Delaware, Naval Operations in the, 1777, 52-55; in 1778, 59, 62- 64.
should cover anchorage for a De Barras, French Commodore, com-
fleet, 175; evacuates Ports- mouth, and takes position at Yorktown, 175; French
cruisers bar his retreat towards the Carolinas, and occupy
mands squadron in Newport, 1781, 174; opinion concern- ing des Touches' conduct, 174; junction with de Grasse in Chesapeake Bay, 1781, 184.
York River, 179; enclosed De Bouillé, French General, governor
by French fleet and French and American armies, 184; compelled to surrender, 185.
of Martinique, 1780, concerts with de Guichen an attack on British West Indies, 130; project against Barbados, 1782, 197; capture of St. Kitts, 197-205.
Cordova, Spanish Admiral, com-
mands in allied fleet under d'Orvilliers, 1779, 118, 119; in chief command, at Cadiz, 125; in Channel, 1781, 188; in 1782, 228; at Algeciras, during Howe's relief of Gibral- tar, 230-232.
D'Estaing, Comte, French Admiral, in chief command, in 1778, of first French fleet sent to
Cornwallis, Sir William (brother of Lord), British naval captain, share in action between Byron De and d'Estaing, 1779, 108- 110, 153; in command of a squadron, action with La Motte-Picquet, 1780, 153; ac- tion with de Ternay's squad- ron, 155-157; characteris- tics, and nickname of, 157; distinguished part in Hood's action with de Grasse, 1782, 201; share in Rodney's vic- tory, 217; quoted, 156, 198, 200, 203, 211. Crown Point, military post on Lake Champlain, 8; seized by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, 1775, 8; General Mont- gomery embarks at, to in- vade Canada, 1775, 9; Ar- nold retreats to, in 1776, after reverses in Canada, 12; part in campaign of 1776, 24; re- covered by British, 25; occupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender, 28. Cuddalore, British post in India, on Coromandel Coast, be- sieged by Hyder Ali and Suffren, 242; taken by Hyder Ali, 244; British attempt to
America, 59; biographical summary of, 59 (note); Gov- ernment instructions to, 59; slowness of movements of, 62-64; failure to attack Howe at Sandy Hook, 66-68; pro- fessional inefficiency of, 67, 79, 111, 112; proceeds to Newport, R. I., 69, and enters the harbor, 70; joins Ameri- cans in siege of the town, 70; abandons it on Howe's ap- pearance and puts to sea, 73; manœuvres against Howe, 73- 75; fleet scattered by gale, 75; refuses to renew siege of Newport, and goes to Boston, 77, 78; outgeneralled throughout by Howe, 78;
goes to West Indies, 1779, 100; fails to recover Santa Lucia, 102-104; captures Grenada, 105; action with Byron, 106-112; fails in at- tempt to retake Savannah, 115; returns to Europe with ships of his original command, 115; sent to Cadiz, in 1780, to bring back to Brest French contingent of Allied Fleet, 158. De Grasse, Comte, French Admiral, exercises the decisive effect in obtaining American Inde- pendence, 4; sails to take chief command in America, 1781, 162; action with Hood off Martinique, 163-165; Che- valier's comment on conduct of, 166; abortive attempt against Santa Lucia, 167;
by Rodney, 130; action of April 17, with Rodney, 130- 135; orders of French Gov- ernment to, 141; consequent conduct of, 141-145; actions with Rodney, May 15, 142, and May 19, 144; broken down by responsibility, 145; under orders, accompanies Spanish squadron to Cap François, 147; there refuses to cooperate with Americans, 147; returns to Europe, 148; commands French contingent to Allied Fleet under de Cor- dova, 1781, 188; advises attack upon British Fleet in Tor Bay, 189; loses great part of West India military convoy entrusted to his charge, 196.
capture of Tobago by, 168; De Langara, Spanish Admiral, squad- goes to Cap François, 168, 176, and there prepares for expedition against Cornwallis, 178; on this occasion shows energy and foresight unusual to him, 178; anchors in Chesapeake Bay, 178; ac- tion with Graves, 179-184; regains Chesapeake, 184; re- turns to West Indies after Cornwallis's surrender, 185; expedition against St. Kitts, 1782, 197-205; outgeneralled by Hood, 201, 204, 205; St. Kitts surrenders to, 205; Hood escapes from, 205; re- turns to Martinique, 206; expedition against Jamaica, plan of, 206; puts to sea, 207; transactions from April 8 to April 12, 207-212; de- feated in great battle of April 12, 213-221, and cap- tured with flagship, 221; De professional character of, illus- trated, 166, 178, 184, 198,
ron under command of, de- feated, and himself captured by Rodney, 122, 123; in- efficiency of, 125. D'Orves, Comte, French Admiral, commands in East Indies, 1781, 235, 236; joined by Suffren, 239; sails for Coro- mandel Coast, 240; dies, and succeeded by Suffren, 240. D'Orvilliers, Comte, French Admiral, commander-in-chief of Brest Fleet, 1778, 82; puts to sea, 82; Government instructions to, 83; encounter with Brit- ish Fleet under Keppel, 83; manœuvres of, and action of July 27, 83-91; comment upon, 92, 97; summer cruise of, 1779, 116-120; hampered by instructions, 119; re- turns to Brest unsuccessful, 120.
205, 207, 209, 214, 215, 216. De Guichen, Comte de, succeeds
d'Estaing in North American command, 1780, 115, 130; biographical summary of, 115 (note); project of against Barbados, 130; frustrated
Suffren, Bailli, French Captain and Admiral, with d'Estaing in Narragansett Bay, 1778, 69; in the action with Byron off Grenada, 111; his comment upon d'Estaing's conduct, 111; biographical summary of, 111 (note); sails for East Indies, 1781, 163, 236; effect upon operations of, in India,
by capture of a French con- voy in Bay of Biscay, 228; attacks British squadron in Porto Praya, 236-238; saves Cape of Good Hope, 238; arrives Ile de France, 239; succeeds to chief command in East Indies, 240; five battles with British squadron, 240, 242, 244, 247, 253; captures Trincomalee, 1782, 247; re- lieves Cuddalore, 252-254; estimate of, 254, 255. De Ternay, French Commodore, commands squadron with con- voy, from Brest for Newport, R. I., 155; action with Brit- ish squadron under Corn- wallis, 1780, 155-157; com-
ment, favorable and unfavor-"Fleet in Being," 73, 174; how
able, 156; death of, 1781, and succeeded by des Touches, 170.
regarded, apparently, by D'Orvilliers in 1779, 119. France, intervention of France in the American quarrel deter- mined by Burgoyne's defeat, and leads to Spanish inter- vention, 3, 58, 116; vacil- lating naval instructions of Government of, 83, 118, 119, 141, 154; divergence of views between Spain and, 120, 121, 147, 158, 186, 188, 189. France, Ile de (now Mauritius), French naval station in Indian Ocean, 126, 234, 236, 239.
Des Touches, French Commodore, succeeds de Ternay in com- mand at Newport, 1781, 170; sails to enter Chesapeake Bay, to check British opera- tions in Virginia, 170; pur- sued by Arbuthnot, 171; action between the two squad- rons, 171-173; gains tactical advantage, but leaves the field to the British, 174; justified by de Barras, who arrives and supersedes him, 174. De Vaudreuil, Marquis, French Admiral, second to de Grasse in 1782, 209; commands-in- chief partial attack on Hood's division, 209; quoted, 214; succeeds to chief command Gates, Horatio, American General, upon de Grasse's surrender, 222; condition of his com- mand after the battle, 223; pursued by Rodney, but reaches Cap François, 225. Doggers Bank, Battle of the, 1781, 189-194. Dominica, British West India Island,
captured by French, 1778, 99; battle of, 208, 209, 210, 213, 215.
Douglas, Sir Charles, British naval captain, commands squadron
Gardiner's Bay, east end of Long Island, station of British fleet under Arbuthnot, watch- ing French at Newport, 151, 170.
defeated by Cornwallis at Camden, 152.
George, Lake, a link in consecutive
water communications from New York to Canada, 7, 51. Gibraltar, d'Estaing ordered to
commence hostilities when forty leagues west of, 59; capture of, a leading object with Spanish Government, 120; this desire affects the major operations of Allies throughout the war, 121, 186:
blockade of, by land and sea, | Holland, brought into War of Ameri-
121; Rodney's relief of, 1780, 121-126, 157; Darby's relief of, 1781, 186, 188; Howe's relief of, 1782, 229–233. Glossary, of technical terms used in this book, 257.
Grant, James, British General, share of in capture of Santa Lucia, 102-104. Graves, Sir Thomas, British Admiral,
brings reinforcement of vessels to New York, 151; relieves Arbuthnot in command of North American Station, 1781, 176; difficulties of, owing to interception of communica- tions, 177; joined by Hood off New York, 177; sails for the relief of Cornwallis, 178; action of, with French fleet under de Grasse, 179-184; conduct of, criticized by Hood, 181, 182, 184; returns to New York, 184; relieves Sir Peter Parker in Jamaica command, 185. Great Britain, feeble hold of, upon Canada, 1775, 10; shown by rewards for saving the colony, 26; inadequate provision of force by, 1774-1776, 29, 30, 59, 62, 79, 82, 99, 112, 116, 117, 120, 127, 148, 189, 193, 226; improper dispersion of effort by, 30, 31, 48, 52, 56, 62, 63, 72, 113-115, 151-153, 175; distrust of Government of, among naval officers, 79, 81, 93, 95, 97, 99, 135, 146, 157, 158, 193; alarm in, produced by Allied fleets in Channel, 1779, 117; declares war against Holland, 1780, 158. Grenada, British West India Island, captured by French, 105; naval battle off, 105-112.
can Independence by con- curring in Armed Neutrality of Baltic Powers, 1780, 3, 158, 236; colonial possessions of, 3, 158, 160-162, 236, 240, 246; St. Eustatius, St. Mar- tin, and Saba, West India Islands of, taken by Rodney, 160-162; battle of Doggers Bank, 189-193; fleet of, held in check by Howe, 1782, 228; Cape of Good Hope menaced by British, saved by Suffren, 236-238; Trincomalee, in Ceylon, taken by British, 240, recaptured by Suffren, 247.
Hood, Sir Samuel (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, arrives in West Indies, 1781, with re- inforcements for Rodney, 160; sent to cruise off Martinique, to intercept de Grasse, 162; action between, and Grasse, 163-167; exceptional ability of, 166, 184; French tribute to, 167; sent by Rod- ney with fourteen ships-of-the- line to reinforce North Ameri- can station, 176; under com- mand of Admiral Graves, sails for Chesapeake, 177; part of, in action between Graves and de Grasse, 180- 183; criticisms of, upon Graves's conduct, 181, 182, 184; returns to West Indies, 185; in chief command there for two months, 196-205; brilliant operations of, at St. Kitts, 197-205; super- seded by Rodney's return, 205; part of, in action of April 9, 1782, 208-210; in battle of April 12, 212–221; de Grasse's flagship strikes to, 221; censures passed by, upon Rodney's course after the battle, 220, 222, 224, 225; detached in pursuit, captures a small French squadron, 224; returns to England after the peace, 226.
« 이전계속 » |