Captain, in operations against New York, 1776, 42; convoys reinforcement of troops to West Indies, 100; left in West Indies in temporary command, by Rodney, 148. Howe, Richard, Earl, British Ad- miral, appointed to command North American Station, 1776, 30; invested also with powers as peace commissioner, 39; arrives at New York, 39; failure of peace negotiations, 39; operations at and about New York, 39, 42-47; trib- ute of, to force under his command, 47; accompanies army expedition to Chesa- peake Bay, 52; operations in the Delaware, 53-55, and coastwise, 56; purpose d'Estaing to intercept, in Delaware, 59; serious ex- posure of, through inadequate force, 62, 66; extricates him- self by rapid movements, 62- 64; preparations to defend entrance to New York, 65- 68; inferiority of force to d'Estaing, 66; follows French Fleet to Narragansett Bay, 70, and by his presence there induces d'Estaing to abandon siege of Newport, and put to sea, 73; manœuvres of, with inferior force, 73-75; fleet of, scattered by gale, 75; returns to New York, 76, and again follows French Fleet to Boston, 77; admir- able qualities of, as illustrated in this campaign, 78; fu- tile contemporary criticism of, 79; relinquishes command, and returns to England, 1778, 81; not employed again, un- til change of Ministry, 1782, 81, 227; appointed to com- mand Channel Fleet, 1782, and primary operations there, 227-229; successful evasion
of very superior Franco-Span- ish Fleet, 229; skilful conduct of relief of Gibraltar by, 1782, 229-231; engagement with
Allied Fleet, 232; special qualities of, again illustrated, 232; French eulogy of, 232, and of force under his com- mand, 233.
Howe, Sir William (brother of Earl), British General, failure of to support Burgoyne, 1777, 28, 51, 52; evacuates Boston, 1776, and retires to Halifax, 29, 30; extent of regions under his command-in-chief, 30; ap- pointed peace commissioner, jointly with Lord Howe, 39; goes from Halifax to New York, 39; fruitless peace negotiations, 39; reduction of New York by, 42-45; subsequent operations of, to Battle of Trenton, 45-49; constitutional sluggishness of, 45, 47; occupies Narragansett Bay, 48; injudicious exten- sion of front of operations, 48; small results after New York, 49; rewarded with the Order of the Bath, 49; takes the greater part of his force to Chesapeake Bay, 52; effect of this upon Burgoyne's oper- ations, 52, 53, 55; occupies Philadelphia, 53; this suc- cess worse than fruitless, 56; relieved in command by Clin- ton, and returns to England, 56, 63. Hudson River, a link in the chain
of water communications from Canada to New York, 7, 30, 45; mentioned, 28, 41, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53; al- ternative name, North River, 41; Washington retreats across, into New Jersey, 45; British advance up valley of, 1777, 55. Hughes, Sir Edward, British Ad- miral, commander-in-chief in East Indies, 1779, 235; enter- prise of, 235; engagements with French Fleet under Suf- fren, 240, 242, 244, 247, 253; loses Trincomalee, 247, and compelled thereby to leave Coromandel coast for Bombay
251; reinforced by Bicker- ton, 251; contrasted with Suffren, as a general officer, 254. Hughes, Sir Richard, succeeds to West India command at peace of 1783, 226; subsequent controversy with Nelson, 226. Hyder, Ali, Sultan of Mysore, at
war with British, 1779, 235; French Admiral d'Orves re- fuses cooperation with, 235; Suffren acts with, 240, 242; captures Cuddalore, 1782, 244; death of, 1782, 252; succeeded by Tippoo Saib, 252.
Inflexible, British cruiser built by Sir Charles Douglas on Lake Champlain, 1776, 16; in herself sufficient to control the lake, 17.
Jamaica, British West India Island,
miral, captures in Bay of Biscay great part of French convoy going to West Indies, 1781, 195, 196; commands a division in Channel Fleet under Howe, 1782, 227, 228; lost in sinking of the Royal George, 229. Keppel, Augustus, British Admiral, refuses to serve against Ameri- cans, 81; commander-in-chief of Channel Fleet, 1778, 61, 82; encounter with French Brest Fleet, 83-91; com- ments on the conduct of, 92, 97; controversy with Palliser, third in command under, 95; returns to port with fleet, 96; court martial upon, 93; and cited from, 87, 88, 95; resigns command, 97; becomes first Lord of the Admiralty, 97, 225; quoted, 107 (note).
Motte Picquet, French Com- modore, 115; action with a British division off Marti- nique, 1779, 128; encounter with squadron under Corn- wallis, 1780, 153-155; cap- tures great part of a British convoy returning from West Indies, 1781, 188; quoted, 229 (note). Leeward Islands Station, extent of, 99; under command of Bar- rington when war begins, 1778, 99; Byron succeeds to com- mand, 1779, 105; held tem- porarily by Hyde Parker, 1779, 113; Rodney takes command, 1780, 121, 128; Hood in temporary charge of, 1782, 177, 185, 196- 205; Rodney relieved by Pigot, 225.
38, 110, 149, 153, 159, 176, La 177, 185, 224, 226; conquest of, intended by France and Spain, 1782, 206; attempt leads to defeat of de Grasse by Rodney, 208, 209; Rod- ney repairs to, after his vic- tory, 225. Japan, significance of contrast of population of, to square mile, with that of the United States, 5. Johnstone, George, British Com- modore, commands squadron despatched to take Cape of Good Hope from Dutch, 236; attacked by Suffren in Porto Praya Bay, 237; arrives at Cape too late, Suffren having strengthened it, 238; returns to England, 238; profes- sional capacity of, 239; at-
tacks made by, upon profes- Les Saintes, small West India Islands,
sional conduct of Howe and Keppel, 239. (See also p. 80.)
Jones, John Paul, American naval captain, serves as a volunteer in French Fleet, 1782, 212. Kempenfelt, Richard, British Ad-
between Dominica and Guade- loupe, scene of Rodney's battle with de Grasse, 209, 211, 213.
Manners, Lord Robert, British naval captain (killed in the battle
of April 12, 1782), encomiums of, upon Hood, quoted, 202, 205. Martinique, French West India Island, 99, 104, 128, 130, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 149, 153, 167, 206, 207; principal French depot in West Indies, 100; action off, between de Grasse and Hood, 162-167. Mathews, Thomas, British Admiral, Influence in British Navy of court martial upon, in 1744, 93, 139. Minorca, Mediterranean Island in British possession, Byng's ac- tion off, 1756, 93, 94; recovery of, a primary object with Spain, 120; supplied by Rod- ney, 1780, 125, 126; by Darby, 1781, 187; attack upon by France and Spain, 1781, 188; capitulates, 1782, 189.
Mobile, Farragut's attack in en- tering, cited in illustration, 66 (note).
Monroe Doctrine, in last analysis
is the formulation, in terms, of a purpose to prevent the propagation to the American continents of wars arising elsewhere, 4; recognition of same danger in unchecked Asiatic immigration, 4; neces- sity of adequate force in order to maintain, 29.
because of improper disper- sion of their army, 113, 114, 115; occupied by French squadron and troops, 1780, 149, 150, 155-157; Rodney neglects to attack, 150; French division in, watched by British from Gardiner's Bay, 151, 170; but starts, 1781, for Chesapeake Bay, 170; returns to, unsuccess- ful, 173; sails again from, 177, and joins main fleet in the Chesapeake, 184. Navy, and Navies, Washington's remark that to them belonged "the casting vote" in the War of American Independ- ence, 4, 147; exercised on two decisive occasions, by Arnold on Lake Champlain, 1776, and by de Grasse at Yorktown, 1781, 4, 7, 9, 168, 176, 178, 179, 184; decisive influence also in American War of Secession, 4; present and future dependence upon, of Monroe Doctrine and of question of Asiatic Immigra- tion, 4, 5; military explana- tion for this casting vote," 5; Pacific question essen- tially one of, 5; military rea- sons for general dominant effect of, in War of Independ- ence, 6, 114; British, saves Canada for Great Britain, 12; specific effect, on ultimate result of the general war, exerted by American, on Lake Champlain, 1776, 12, 13, 14, 25; inadequacy of British, to demands upon it, 29, 30, 59, 62, 79, 82, 99, 116, 117, 120, 127, 148, 189, 193, 226; British, in operations at New York, 1776, 40, 44, 47; in Burgoyne's advance, 1777, 51; misuse of British, to divide the land forces, 51, 52, 114, 115, 152; subsidiary operations of British, 56, in the Carolinas, 151, in Vir- ginia, 170; under Howe, though inadequate,
Army under Clinton, 63, 64, and also New York, 64-68, and subsequently Narragan- sett Bay with army division at Newport, 72, 77; tone of French, as indicated by Gov- ernment instructions, and action of officers, 83, 89, 91, 92, 166, 235; effect of seasonal conditions upon operations of, in Europe and in America, 98, 100, 113, 115, 147, 149, 159; in East Indies, 251; inefficiency of Spanish. 116, 125, 147, 189, 231, 232. Nelson, mentioned or quoted, 38,
39, 109, 126, 132, 140, 155, 160, 202, 225, 226, 243. New Jersey, Washington crosses
from New York into, 45; operations in, 1776, 46-49; impracticable to British, in 1777, and consequent effect upon Howe's course, 51, 52, 56; retreat of British from Philadelphia through, 1778, 63, 64. Newport, Rhode Island, taken pos-
session of by British, 47; importance of, 48; siege of, by Americans and French, 70, 73, 77; abandoned by British, 115; occupied by French, 150, 155, 170, 173, 174, 179. See Narragansett Bay. New York, water communications between St. Lawrence and, 7, 8; British occupy harbor of, 1776, 38; operations around, 1776, 39-46; har- bor, approaches, and forti- fications about, 40-42; Wash- ington abandons, 45, 46; British occupy, 45; British forces in, unable to coöperate with those in Philadelphia, 56,
63; Lord Howe's prepara- tions to defend, 64-67; d'Es- taing's failure to attack, 67, 68; Rodney goes from West Indies to, 150, 152, 159.
Order, of Battle, 93 (and note), 137- 140, 191; comparison be- tween Keppel's, off Ushant,
and Byron's, off Grenada, 112; Graves', off Cape Henry, 179-183, criticized by Hood, 181, 182; Hood's at anchor off St. Kitts, 202, 203.
Palliser, Sir Hugh, British Admiral, third in command at Battle of Ushant, 84, 87, 90, 91, 93-96; court of inquiry upon, 95–97. Parker, Sir Hyde, (1) British Ad- miral, left in temporary com- mand at New York by Howe, 1778, 80 (and note); in like position in Leeward Islands by Byron, 1779-1780, 113, 128; biographical summary of, 113; quoted, 129, 130; nickname of, 130; implied censure of, by Rodney, in battle of April 17, 1780, 136; returns to England, 136; commands at Battle of the Dogger Bank, 189-193; his reply to George III, 193; ordered to East Indian com- mand, and lost at sea, 194. Parker, Hyde, (2) British Naval captain (afterwards Admiral Sir Hyde), in operations about New York, 1776, 39, 44, 46; in expedition against Savan- nah, 1778, 113, 114; bio- graphical summary of, 113 (note). (In 1801, commander- in-chief over Nelson, at Copen- hagen, 39, 80, note). Parker, Sir Peter, British Admiral, commands naval force in expedition against Charles- ton, 1776, 31; attack of, upon Fort Moultrie, 33-38; gives promotion to Nelson, Collingwood, and Saumarez, 38; at operations around New York, 38, 43, 45, and at Narragansett Bay, 48; com- mands Jamaica Station, 149, 153, 155, 159, 176, 177, 185; superseded at Jamaica by Graves, 1781, 185. Pellew, Edward, (afterwards Ad- miral Lord Exmouth), Brit- ish midshipman, at Lake Champlain, 1776, 22; in
Burgoyne's advance to Sara- toga, 1777, 51.
Philadelphia, occupation of, by Brit-
ish, 52-55; brief tenure of, 55; inutility of, to British, 56; evacuation of, by British, and hazardous retreat from, to New York, 63, 64.
cesses of de Grasse against, 167, 168; sends Hood to New York with fleet, 176, 177, and returns to England on leave, 177; returns to West Indies, 1782, and re- joins Hood, 205; pursuit of French armament against Ja- maica, 207-212; victory of, in battle of April 12, 213–220; failure of, to improve his success, 220-225; superseded by Pigot, and returns finally to England, 225.
Quebec, attack upon by Americans, under Montgomery, 1775, 9, 10; blockade of, by Arnold, 1776, 10, 11; relieved by British navy, 10-12; utility of, to British preparations Rowley, to control Lake Champlain, 15-17, 26.
Lord), British Admiral, ap- pointed to command Leeward Islands Station, 1779, 115, 121; sails to relieve Gibraltar, 122; on the way, destroys two Spanish squadrons, 122- 125; relieves the place, and sails for West Indies, 125, 126; actions with de Guichen, April and May, 1780, 130- 135, 142-144; censures offi- cers of the fleet, 135-139, 145; further proceedings in West Indies, 1780, 146-150; takes fleet to New York, 150, and turns to West Indies, 159; capture of Dutch islands, 1781, 160; proceedings of, at St. Eustatius, 161, 162; sends Hood off Martinique to in- tercept de Grasse, 162; suc-
Joshua, British Admiral, brilliant conduct of, in Byron's action, 106, 107, 109; im- plicitly censured by Rodney, 136.
Sandy Hook, at entrance to New York Harbor, 52, 63, 64, 65, 66, 76, 113, 150, 177, 184, 185. Lord Howe's prepara- tions at, for defence of New York, 1778, 65, 66.
Lucia, French West India Island, capture of, by Brit- ish, 1778, 100-102; d'Es- taing's ineffectual attempt to retake, 103, 104; military value of, 104, 207; de Guichen seeks to retake, 142; mentioned, 105, 106, 128, 141, 144, 148, 165, 167, 168, 206. Saratoga, surrender of Burgoyne at, why decisive, 3, 6; capitu- lation there, determined by Arnold's defence of Lake Champlain, 3, 7, 13, 14, 25; Burgoyne's surrender at, 28, 50-53.
Saumarez, James (afterwards Lord
de), British naval officer, mid- shipman at attack upon Fort Moultrie, 1776, 35, 38; lieu- tenant at the battle of the Dogger Bank, 1781, 192 (note); captain in West Indies, 1782, 196; biographical sum- mary of, 196 (note); in Rodney's victory, 1782, 218, 221.
Savannah, capture of, by British, 1778, 113; disastrous effect
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