such other, being poor, and not able to work; and secondly, to provide work for such as are able, and cannot otherwise get employment. Churchwardens are by virtue of their office overseers of the poor. By stat. 12 & 13 Vict., c. 103, the management of the poor is entrusted to a central authority in London, called "The Commissioners for Administering the Laws for the Relief of the Poor in England," since called the Local Government Board,* who are empowered to issue general rules, subject to specified supervision. By the Poor Law Amendment Act, in connection with the new Act of 10 & 11 Vict., c. 109, the Commissioners are empowered, when they think it desirable, to direct that the relief of the poor in any parish shall be administered by a Board of Guardians, to be elected by the owners of property and ratepayers in such parish, in such manner as the Acts particularize; and they are directed to appoint Inspectors, for the purpose of exercising a visitorial power over workhouses, and of being present at meetings of guardians, or other local meetings held for the relief of the poor.

By 12 & 13 Vict., c. 2, the Poor Law Board are empowered to consolidate any number of parishes into one Union for the relief of the poor, when each parish has to elect one or more guardians, who act for the relief of the poor in the Union, subject to the rules of the Board.

* See Local Government Board Act, 1871, 34 & 35 Vict., c. 70; and for provision for giving shelter to the casual poor at night, see 27 & 28 Vict., c. 116; also 34 & 35 Vict., c. 108.

THE PEOPLE.

Having treated of persons as they stand, in the public relations of magistrates, let us now proceed to consider such persons as fall under the denomination of the people.

Explain briefly the People-whether Aliens, Denizens, or Natives.

The first and most obvious division of the people is into natural-born subjects and aliens. Natural-born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the Crown of England; that is, within the legiance, or, as it is generally called, the allegiance of the Sovereign; and aliens are such as are born out of it. Allegiance is the tie, or ligamen, which binds the subject to the Sovereign, in return for that protection which the Sovereign affords the subject.

Allegiance is both expressed and implied, and is distinguished by the law into two sorts or species; the one natural, the other local. Local allegiance is such as is due from an alien or strangerborn, for so long time as he continues within the dominion and protection of the Crown. Natural allegiance is such as is due from all men born within the dominions of the Crown immediately upon their birth.

By the Naturalization Act, 33 Vict., c. 14, an Act to amend the law relating to the legal condition of aliens and British subjects, real and personal property of every description may be taken, acquired, held, and disposed of by an alien in the same manner in all respects as by a natural-born British subject; and a title to real and personal property of every description may be derived

through, from, or in succession to an alien, in the same manner in all respects as through, from, or in succession to a naturalborn British subject.

An alien is not qualified for any Government office, or for any municipal, parliamentary, or other franchise, and is not entitled to any right or privilege as a British subject, except such rights and privileges in respect of property, as are hereby expressly given.

A married woman shall be deemed to be a subject of the State of which her husband is for the time being a subject.

Where the father-or the mother being a widow-has obtained a certificate of naturalization in the United Kingdom, every child of such father or mother, who during infancy has become resident with such father or mother in any part of the United Kingdom, shall be deemed to be a naturalized British subject.*

The Act abolishes the jury de medietate linguæ, and an alien is now triable in the same manner as if he were a natural-born subject.

Nemo potest exuere patriam is no longer a maxim of English law. By this Act, a natural-born subject may, if of full age and not under any disability, make a declaration of alienage, as prescribed by the Act, and from and after the making of such declaration of alienage, such person shall cease to be a British subject, and be regarded as an alien; but mere residence abroa for any length of time will not convert a British subject into an alien.

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What is a Denizen?

A denizen is an alien born, but who has obtained, ex donatione regis, letters-patent to make him an English subject, a high and incommunicable branch of the Royal Prerogative. A denizen is in a kind of middle state between an alien and a natural-born subject. These letters-patent gave to aliens, amongst other privileges, that of holding lands by purchase or devise —a privilege now extended in an enlarged degree by the Naturalization Act to all aliens. This Act, however, does not affect the granting of letters of denization by Her Majesty.*

*For Naturalization Oath Act, see 33 & 34 Vict., c. 102.

What is a Jew?

One who professes Judaism. Our treatment of the Jews in early ages reflects little credit upon our humanity; but, as education progressed, a more liberal state of things has been introduced. Various statutes of Queen Victoria give the Jews relief as to municipal offices, and they remove disabilities in regard to religious opinions, marriages, making declarations a qualification for office, and sitting in Parliament.*

By 34 Vict., c. 19, persons professing the Jewish religion are exempted from penalties in respect of young persons and females professing the said religion working on Sundays.

Give a brief explanation of that Body of the People called the Clergy.

The Clergy comprehend all persons in Holy Orders and in ecclesiastical offices, and are separate and set apart from the rest of the people, or laity. In order that they may attend more closely to the service of Almighty God, they have large privileges allowed them by our municipal laws. They cannot be compelled to serve in war, or on a jury; nor can they be chosen to any secular office, such as members of Parliament, sheriffs, bailiffs, constables, or the like.

The clergy are divided into various ranks and degrees, as archbishops, bishops, deans, canons, and prebendaries; archdeacons, rectors, vicars, and curates.

An ARCHBISHOP is the chief of the clergy in his province, has supreme power under the Crown in all ecclesiastical causes, and it is his province to superintend the conduct of other bishops, his suffragans or assistants. He is elected by the chapter of his cathedral church, by virtue of a licence from the Crown called a congé d'élire. The selection is generally exercised by the government of the day. After election he sues to the Crown for an investiture of the temporalities of the bishopric, which, as a matter of course, follows. The archbishops are said to be enthroned when they are invested in the archbishopric, whereas bishops are said to be installed. England has two archbishops, Canterbury

* See 10 & 11 Vict., c. 58, and 19 & 20 Vict., c. 119, as to their marriages; 21 & 22 Vict., c. 48, amended by 23 & 24 Vict., c. 63, as to their declarations as a qualification for office; 21 & 22 Vict., c. 49, admitting them to sit in the House of Commons; and the Promissory Oath Act, 31 & 32 Vict., c. 72.

and York. The Archbishop of Canterbury is styled Primate of All England, and the Archbishop of York Primate of England.

A BISHOP is the chief of the clergy within a diocese, but is subordinate to the archbishop, to whom he is sworn to pay due obedience. The mode of his appointment is similar to that of an archbishop.

The DEAN AND CHAPTER are the council of the bishop, to assist him with their advice in affairs of religion, and also in the temporal affairs of his See. Deaneries and prebends may become void, like a bishopric, by death, by deprivation, or by resignation to either the Crown or the bishop.

An ARCHDEACON has an ecclesiastical jurisdiction immediately subordinate to the bishop. He is usually appointed by the bishop himself, and hath a kind of episcopal authority, originally derived from the bishop, but now independent and distinct from his.

RURAL DEANS are deputies of the bishop, planted all round his diocese, the better to inspect the conduct of the parochial clergy, to inquire into and report dilapidations, and to examine the candidates for confirmation; and are armed, in minuter matters, with an inferior degree of judicial and coercive authority.

A PARSON-persona ecclesiæ-is one that hath full possession of all the rights of a parochial church; has, during his life, the freehold in himself of the parsonage house, the glebe, the tithes, and various customary dues; but these are sometimes appropriated; that is to say, the benefice is perpetually annexed to some spiritual corporation, either sole or aggregate, and patron of the living, which the law esteems equally capable of providing for the service of the Church as any single private clergyman. Many appropriations, however, are now in the hands of lay persons, who are usually styled, by way of distinction, lay impropriators. In all appropriations there is generally a spiritual person attached to the church, under the name of VICAR, to whom the spiritual duty belongs; and to whom a fixed stipend, out of the emoluments enjoyed by the appropriator, is assigned.

A CURATE is the lowest degree in the Church, being an officiating temporary minister regularly employed by the spiritual rector or vicar, either to serve in his absence or as his assistant, and must be licensed by the bishop. By 1 & 2 Vict., c. 106, numerous provisions are made as to the appointment and payment