TABLE III B-ANALYSIS OF TABLE III A.-BASED UPON REPORTS FROM THE 52 LEADING INDUSTRIES ONLY. Value of goods made and work done (gross product). Percentage of industry product devoted to profit and minor ex- $256,660,269 31 155,068,100 06 101,594,160 25 50,730,328 91 50.833,831 34 Per cent. 49.93 50.07 TABLE IV AVERAGE CAPITAL, ETC.. PER EMPLOYEE. -BASED UPON REPORTS FROM THE 52 LEADING INDUSTRIES ONLY. Classification. Average capital per employee Average product per employee Average yearly earnings 1905. $2,407 37 2,922 54 467 58 TABLE V-RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND OF UNEMPLOYMENT, 1905. Remarks. It will be noted that no marked difference exists between the averages presented in the supplementary tables and those obtained for the 1513 establishments previously tabulated. The average number of days of operation for 1905 is reduced however to 290, for the 2382 establishments, as against an average of 300 days for the 1513 establishments. There is a slight increase in the average capital and the average product per employee, and a slight decrease in the average yearly earnings of each. Tables II and III A are of interest, as showing the percentage of capital invested in each industry in land, buildings, etc., respectively; and the percentage which the value of the raw material used, of the wages paid, etc., is of the value of the product manufactured. From Table II it is seen that the capital invested in land averages about 14 per cent of the total capital invested; in buildings and fixtures, 17 per cent; in machinery, 18 per cent; while the cash capital needed for the conduct of the business averages over 50 per cent of the total. From Table IIIA it is seen that the value of the materials used constitutes on the average about 60 per cent of the value of the finished product: 20 per cent is paid in wages and salaries, and 20 per cent is devoted to the "profit and minor expense fund." It will be noted however that there are very wide variations from these averages in the case of many of the industries. CONCLUSION. Advantages offered by Wisconsin to manufacturing industries. According to the United States census of 1900, Wisconsin ranked ninth in that year among the states in the total value of its manufactured products It ranked first in the value of its lumber and timber products, second in dairy products, third in malt; fourth in agricultural implements, in leather products, and in malt liquors; fifth in paper and wood pulp, sixth in planing mill products; seventh in carriages and wagons and in foundry and machine shop products; and eighth in men's factory-made clothing, in flour and feed, and in factorymade furniture. This prominence as a manufacturing state is due primarily to four causes: an abundance of raw materials, a large available water power, a favorable location geographically, and excellent transportation facilities. The forests of Wisconsin have for years furnished the mest important of the raw materials. The number industry is naturally the one most directly dependent upon this material. the products of the lamber industry furnish in turn part or all of the materials for many of the most important of the other industries of the state. Prominently among these may be mentioned the manufacture of sash doors and other planing mill products, carriages and wagons, railway cars, boats, agricultural implements, furniture, staves and head.ngs, packing and cigar boxes, wooden-ware, exec-ior, paper and pulp. Tanbark also is furnished to the tanning industry. From the great diversity of the farming products of the state result such industries as the manufacture of malt and malt liquors, flour and feed, food preparations, starch, butter and cheese, woolen goods, cigars and tobacco; the packing of beef and pork; the tanning of leather, and the consequent use of the product in the manufacture of boots and shoes, harness and other saddlery goods, gloves, mittens, and valise Of the mineral resources of the state, granite, sandstone, and rhyolite are manufactured into monument, building stone and paving blocks, respectively. Limestone is used both as building stone, and as a flux in the manufacture of iron. Large quantities also are ued for the manufacture of lime. Sand for use in iron moulding is present in abundance in the state The existence of large deposits of excellent clay has given considerable importance to the manufacture of brick and tile. Although but little iron is mined within the state, immense quantities of the ore are mined just beyond its borders, and are reduced to a marketable form in this state. The product resulting from the general iron and steel industry furnishes a part or allof the materials for such industries as the manufacture of machinery, agricultural implements, artisans' tools, sheet metal, boilers, tanks, and architectural ironwork. Nearly $20,000,000 is The total amount of water power in Wisconsin already developed is about 99,000 horsepower. therefore saved to the manufacturers of the state each year, if the annual cost of one h. p., furnished by steam by means of the combustion of coal, be considered as $20. The rivers which together with their tributaries furnish the greater part of the power already utilized are the Fox, Wisconsin, Chippewa, Black, St. Croix. Oconto, Peshtigo, Menominee, and Rock. Although additional water power is rapidly being developed, according to reports by the U. S. engineers, several times the number of horse power now employed remains as yet unutilized. The favorable location of Wisconsin, in close proximity to the largest cities of the Middle West, on one hand, and but a mocerate distance from the great agricultural regions beyond the Mississippi, on the other, gives the state a nearby market for a very large part of its manufactured products and at the same time places within easy reach a number of raw materials which are not produced in a sufficient quantity within the state. The transportation facilities possessed by Wisconsin are excellent. Access to the state is afforded by vessels plying on the Great Lakes for more than 400 miles along the northern and eastern borders On the western boundary there are about 250 miles of navigable rivers; while nearly every city situated upon the Great Lakes or the Mississippi has one or more rivers within its limits navigable for harbor purposes. The larger of the rivers already mentioned-are navigable to a greater or less extent; notably the Fox, which permits of the passage of vessels of large draft as far as Oshkosh. Wisconsin is covered with a network of railways reaching to every portion of the state. The total mileage in 1906 was 7086 miles. The state is crossed by the Chicago-St. Paul line of the C. & N. W. Ry., the C. M. & St. P., the W. C., and the C. B. & Q. In addition to the very numerous branches of these systems there are 41 other roads doing business in this state Having the option of either water or rai transportation, the majority of Wisconsin manufacturers have long enjoyed favorable railway rates. An efficient state railway rate commission is doing much to remove any inequitable conditions that may still exist. Finally there should be mentioned among the advantages of Wisconsin as a manufacturing state what may be called a "cooperation of industries." Whenever the industries of any state become of a sufficiently varied character each branch of manufacturing demands for its material or for its tools the product of some other industry, and in return offer its product to be similarly used by this or a different industry. Such are the conditions in Wisconsin at the present time. Not only does the state send cut its products far bevond its borders-many to Europe and other foreign continents.-but it is also in a manu facturing way in a large measure "sufficient unto itself,” each branch of its varied industries cöoperating with and strengthening others. Management and Operation of Establishments.-A slight tendency toward corporate management is evident in the returns from the 1513 establishments which reported in both 1904 and 1905. During the latter year 23 establishments which had existed as private firms organized as corporations. The propor tion of corporations to private firms at the end of 1905 was 836 to 677. The average number of days of operation for these establishments was 298 in 1904 and 300 in 1905. For 2382 establishments it was 290 in 1905. The number of working days per year in Wisconsin-i, e., exclusive of Sundays and legal holidays -is from 303 to 306. In neither of the two years therefore was the average number of days of operation as large as possible. It was even slightly farther from the maximum possible number than is at first apparent; since in a large number of establishments both day and night shifts were employed, thus increasing the average number of days of operation for all. The days in which the establishments were not in operation were however so few as to indicate a very satisfactory degree of activity in each of the two years considered. Investment, and Value of Product -For the 51 leading industries there was an increase of 4 per cent in 1905 in the total capital invested. Every item of investment showed a rain, the increase in the value of buildings and fixtures being the greatest over 5 per cent. There was an increase of 11 per cent in the value of the materials used, of 8 per cent in the total wages and saláries paid, and of 10 per cent in the value of the output. The last gain is especially noteworthy in view of its being more than double the average increase per year in the value of the output during the decade from 1890 to 1900. This increase of 10 per cent serves more than any other single fact, to indicate the large growth of manufacturing in the state in the two years covered by this report. Number of Employees and Range of Employment. The largeest number of employees in any month, in the 1513 establishments of the 62 industries reported upon, was 82.830 in 1904 and 89,035 in 1905. The average number per month for 1904 was 80.195; for 1905, 85 436. The number of those whose wages |