Cicero. prolonged to him for five years. This difpofition to à breach Cicero foon Icarned from his friends, as he was returning from his province of Cilicia. But as he forefaw the confequences of a war more clearly and fully than any of them, fo his firft refolution was to apply all his endeavours and authority to the mediation of a peace; though, in the event of a breach, he was determined within himfelf to follow Pompey. He clearly forefaw, what he declared without fcruple to his friends, that which fide foever got the better, the war muft neceffarily end in a tyranny. The only difference, he faid, was, that if their enemies conquered, they should be profcribed; if their friends, they would

be flaves.

He no fooner arrived at the city, however, than he fell, as he tells us, into the very flame of civil difcord, and found the war in effect proclaimed for the fenate had just voted a decree, that Cæfar fhould difband his army by a certain day, or be declared an enemy; and Cæfar's fudden march towards Rome effectually confirmed it. In the midst of all this hurry and confufion, Cæfar was extremely folicitous about Cicero; not fo much to gain him, for that was not to be expected, as to prevail with him to fland neuter. He wrote to him feveral times to that effect; and employed all their common friends to prefs him with letters on that fubject: all which was done; but in vain, for Cicero was impatient to be gone to Pompey. In the mean time, thefe letters give us a moft fenfible proof of the high efteem and credit in which Cicero flourished at this time in Rome; when, in a conteft for empire, which force alone was to decide, we fee the chiefs on both fides fo folicitous to gain a man to their party, who had no peculiar fkill in arms or talents for war. Purfuing, however, the refult of all his deliberations, he embarked at length to follow Pompey, who had been obliged to quit Italy fome time before, and was then at Dyrrhachium; and arrived fafely in his camp with his fon, his brother, and his nephew, committing the fortunes of the whole family to the iffue of that caufe. After the battle of Pharfalia, in which Pompey was defeated, Cicero returned into Italy, and was afterwards received into great favour by Cæfar, who was now declared dictator the fecond time, and Mark Antony his mafter of horse. We may eafily imagine, what we find indeed from his letters, that he was not a little difcompofed at the thoughts of an interview with Cæfar, and the indignity of offering himfelf to a conqueror against whom he had been in arms: for though upon many accounts he had reafon to expect a kind reception from Cæfar, yet he hardly thought his life, he fays, worth begging; fince what was given by a mafter might always be taken away again at pleafure. But at their meeting he had no occafion to fay or do any thing that was below his dignity: for Cæfar no fooner faw him than he alighted, ran to embrace him; and walked with him alone, converfing very familiarly, for feveral furlongs.

Cicero was now in his 61ft year, and forced at laft to part with his wife Terentia; whofe humour and conduct had been long uneafy to him. She was a woman of an imperious and turbulent fpirit: and though he had borne her perverfenefs in the vigour of health, and flourishing ftate of his fortunes; yet, in a declining life, foured by a continual fuccefion of mor

tifications from abroad, the want of cafe and quiet at Cicero. home was no longer tolerable to him. But he was immediately oppreffed by a new and moft cruel affliction, the death of his beloved daughter Tullia, who died in child-bed foon after her divorce from her third hufband Dolabella. She was about 32 years old at the time of her death; and, by the few hints. which are left of her character, appears to have been an excellent and admirable woman. She was most affectionately and piously obfervant of her father; and, to the ufual graces of her fex, having added the more folid accomplishments of knowledge and polite letters, was qualified to be the companion and delight. of his age; and was juftly eiteemed not only as one of the best, but the most learned, of the Roman ladies. His affliction for the death of this daughter was so great, that, to fhun all company as much as he could, he removed to Atticus's houfe, where he lived chiefly. in his library, turning over every book he could meet with on the fubject of moderating grief. But finding his refidence here too public, and a greater refort to him than he could bear, he retired to Afturia, one of his feats near Antium; a little ifland on the Latian fhore, at the mouth of a river of the fame name, covered with woods and groves cut into fhady walks; a fcene of all others the fitteft to indulge melancholy, and where he could give a free courfe to his grief. Here (fays he to Atticus) I live without the speech of man; every morning early I hide myself in the thickest of the wood, and never come out till the evening. Next to yourself, nothing is fo dear to me as this folitude; and my whole converfation is with my books." deed his whole time was employed in little elfe than. reading and writing during Cæfar's adminiftration, which he could never cheerfully fubmit to; and it was within this period that he drew up one of the graveft of thofe philofophical pieces which are ftill extant in his works.

In

Upon the death of Cæfar, Octavius his nephew and heir coming into Italy, was prefented to Cicero by Hirtius and Panfa, with the frongeft profeffions on the part of the young man that he would be governed. entirely by his direction. Indeed Cicero thought it. neceffary to cherish and encourage Octavius, if for no- thing elfe, yet to keep him at a diftance from Antony; but could not yet be perfuaded to enter heartily into his affairs. He fufpected his youth and want of expe-. rience; and that he had not ftrength enough to deal with Antony; and, above all, that he had no good dif- pofition towards the confpirators. He thought it impoflible he should ever be a friend to them; and was perfuaded rather, that if ever he got the upper hand,, his uncle's acts would be more violently enforced, and his death more cruelly revenged, than by Antony himfelf. And when Cicero did confent at last to unite himself to Octavius's interefts, it was with no other view but to arm him with a power fufficient to opprefs Antony; yet fo checked and limited, that he fhould not be able to opprefs the republic.

In the hurry of all these politics, he was ftill profecuting his ftudies with his ufual application; and, befides fome philofophical pieces, now finished his book of offices, or the duties of man, for the ufe of his fon: A work admired by all fucceeding ages as the moft perfect fyftem of Heathen morality, and the noblest effort

and

Cicero. and specimen of what reafon could do in guiding man through life with innocence and happiness. How ever, he paid a conftant attention to public affairs; miffed no opportunities, but did every thing that human prudence could do for the recovery of the republic for all that vigour with which it was making this lait effort for itself, was entirely owing to his counfels and authority. This appears from thofe memorable Philippics which from time to time he published against Antony, as well as from other monuments of antiquity. But all was in vain: for though Antony's army was entirely defeated at the fiege of Modena, which made many people imagine that the war was at an end, and the liberty of Rome eftablished; yet the death of the confuls Panfa and Hirtius in that action gave the fatal blow to all Cicero's fchemes, and was the immediate caufe of the ruin of the republic.

Octavius having fubdued the fenate to his mind, marched towards Gaul to meet Antony and Lepi. dus; who had already paffed the Alps, and brought their armies into Italy, in order to have a perfonal interview with him; which had been privately concerted for fettling the terms of a triple league, and dividing the power and provinces of Italy among themfelves. The place appointed for this interview was a fall inland about two miles from Bononia, formed by the river Rhenus which runs near that city. Here they met, and spent three days in a clofe conference to adjuft the plan of their accommodation : and the last thing they adjufted was the lift of a profcription which they were determined to make of their enemies. This, as the writers tell us, occationed much difficulty and warm contefts among them; till each in his turn confented to facrifice fome of his best friends to the revenge and refentment of his colleagues. Cicero was at his Tufculan villa, when he first received the news of the profcription, and of his being included in it. It was the defign of the triumvirate to keep it a fecret, if poffible, to the moment of execution; in order to furprife thofe whom they had destined to deftruction, before they were aware of their danger, or had time to make their efcape. But fome of Cicero's friends found means to give him early notice of it; upon which he fet forward to the fea-fide, with a defign to tranfport himfelf out of the reach of his enemies. There, finding a veffel ready, he prefently embarked; but the winds being adverfe, and the fea uneafy to him, after he had failed about two leagues along the coaft, he was obliged to land, and fpend the night on fhore. From thence he was forced, by the importunity of his fervants, on board again; but was foon afterwards obliged to land at a country-feat of his a mile from the fhore, weary of life, and declaring he was refolved to die in that country which he had fo often faved. Here he flept foundly for fome time, till his fervants once more forced him away in a litter towards the fhip, having heard that he was purfued by Antony's affaflins. They were fearce departed when the affaffins arrived at his houfe; and, perceiving him to be fled, purfued him immediately towards the fea, and overtook him in a wood that was near the hore. Their leader was one Popilius Lenas, a tribune of the army, whofe life Cicero had formerly defended and faved. As foon as the foldiers appeared, the fervants prepared to defend their mafter's life at the hazard" of

their own; but Cicero commanded them to fet him Cicero. down and make no refiftance. They foon cut off his head and his hands, returning with them to Rome as the mot agreeable prefent to their cruel employer. Antony, who was then at Rome, received thein with extreme joy, rewarding the murderer with a large fum of money, and ordering the head to be fixed upon the roftra between the two hands: a fad fpectacle to the city; and what drew tears from every eye, to see thofe mangled members which used to exert themselves fo gloriously from that place in defence of the lives, the fortunes, and the liberties of the Roman people, fo lamentably expofed to the fcorn of fycophants and traitors. The deaths of the reft, fays an hilorian of that age, caufed only a private and particular forrow; but Cicero's an univerfal one. It was a triumph over the republic itfelf; and feemed to confirm and cftablish the perpetual flavery of Rome.

A modern writer*, however, is of opinion, that Swinb rne, pofterity has been too much feduced by the name of Travels in Cicero, and that better citizens were facrificed to the Sicily, vol. ii. p. 502. jealoufy of the triumvirs without exciting fo much indignation. If we take an impartial furvey of Cicero's conduct and principles, avowed in his own epiftolary correfpondence, and trace him through all the laby rinths of his contradictory letters, we fhall find more to blame than to admire; and difcover, that the defire of advancing his fortunes, and making himself a name, were, from his outfet in life, the only objects he had in view. The good of his country, and the dictates of ftern steady virtue, were not, as in Brutus and Cato, the conftant fprings of his actions. The misfortunesthat befel him after his confulfhip, developed his character, and fhowed him in his true colours; from that time to his death, pufillanimity, irrefolution, and unworthy repining, tainted his judgment, and perplexed every step he wished to take. He flattered Pompey and cringed to Cæfar, while in his private letters he abused them both alternately. He acknowledges in a letter to his friend, the time-ferving Atticus, that, although he was at prefent determined to fupport the caufe of Rome and liberty, and to bear misfortune like a philofopher, there was one thing which would gain. him over to the triumvirs, and that was their procu ring for him the vacant augurfhip; fo pitiful was the bribe to which he would have facrificed his honour, his opinion, and the commonwealth. By his wavering imprudent conduct, he contributed greatly towards its deftruction. After reproaching the confpirators for leaving him out of the fecret, and loading them with the moft flattering compliments on their delivering Rome from Cæfar's tyranny, he calls Cafca an affafin, to pay his court to the boy Octavius, by whom he was completely duped. His praifes of this triumvir are in the highest ftrain of panegyric. Mark Antony well knew, that the virulent abuse which Cicero was continually pouring out against him, was not an effufion of patriotic zeal or virtuous indignation, but merely the ebullitions of perfonal hatred. He therefore caufed Cicero to be killed, as an angry man that has been ftung ftamps on a venomous animal that comes within reach of his foot. The cloak he threw over the body of Brutus, and the fpeech he pronounced at the fight of that hero when dead, differ widely from the treatment he gave the remains of Cicero; and show, that he 3.

made

and those are fmall and entire: these flalks are di- Cichori

Cicero, made a diftinction between a Roman who oppofed him Cichori from political motives, and one whofe enmity arofe from private pique."

um.

Cicero's death happened on the 7th of December, in the 64th year of his age, about ten days from the fettlement of the first triumvirate; and with him expired the fhort empire of cloquence among the Romans. As an orator he is thus characterised by Dr Blair. "In all his orations his art is confpicuous. He begins commonly with a regular exordium; and with much addrefs prepoffeffes the hearers, and studies to gain their affections. His method is clear, and his arguments are arranged with exact propriety. In a fuperior clearness of method, he has an advantage over Demofthenes. Every thing appears in its proper place. He never tries to move till he has attempted to convince; and in moving, particularly the fofter paffions, he is highly fuccefsful. No one ever knew the force of words better than Cicero. He rolls them along with the greatest beauty and magnificence; and in the ftructure of his fentences is eminently curious and exact. He is always full and flowing, never abrupt. He amplifies every thing; yet though his manner is generally diffufe, it is often happily varied and accommodated to the fubject. When an important public object roufed his mind, and demanded indignation and force, he departs confiderably from that loose and declamatory manner to which he at other times is addicted, and becomes very forcible and vehement. This great orator, however, is not without his defects. In most of his orations there is too much art, even carried to a degree of oftentation. He feems often defirous of obtaining admiration rather than of operating conviction. He is fometimes, therefore, fhowy rather than folid, and diffuse where he ought to have been urgent. His fentences are always round and fonorous. They cannot be accufed of monotony, fince they poffefs variety of cadence; but from too great a fondnefs for magnificence, he is on fome occafions deficient in ftrength. Though the fervices which he had performed to his country were very confiderable, yet he is too much his own panegyrift. Ancient manners, which impofed fewer reftraints on the fide of decorum, may in fome degree excufe, but cannot entirely justify, his vanity."

CICHÓRIUM, SUCCORY: A genus of the polygamia æqualis order, belonging to the fyngenefia clais of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 49th order, Compofita. The receptacle is a little paleaceous; the calyx calyculated; the pappus almoft quinquedentated, and indiftinctly hairy.

Species. 1. The intybus, or wild faccory, grows naturally by the fides of roads, and in fhady lanes, in many places of Britain. It fends out long leaves from the roots, from between which the ftalks arife, growing to the height of three or four feet, and branching out into fmaller ones. The flowers come out from the fides of the stalks, and are of a fine blue colour. They are fucceeded by oblong feeds covered, inclofed in a down. 2. The fpinofum, with a prickly forked ftalk, grows naturally on the fea-coafts in Sicily, and the iflands of the Archipelago. This fends out from the root many long leaves which are indented on their edges, and spread flat on the ground; from between thefe arife the ftalks, which have very few leaves,

vided in forks upward, and from between them come out the flowers, which are of a pale blue colour, and are fucceeded by feeds fhaped like thofe of the common forts. The ends of the fmaller branches are terminated by ftar-like fpines which are very harp. 3. The endivia, or fuccory with broad crenated leaves, differs from the wild fort in its duration, being only annual, whereas the wild fort is perennial.

Culture, &c. The laft fpecies may be confidered both as an annual and biennial plant. If fown early in the fpring, or even any time before the beginning of June, the plants very commonly fly up to feed the fame fummer, and perish in autumn. If fown in June and July, they acquire perfection in autumn, continue till the next spring, then shoot up ftalks for flower and feed, and foon after perish. The inner leaves are the useful parts. These when blanched white to render them crisp and tender, and reduce them from their natural ftrong tafte to an agreeably bitter one, are then fit for ufe. They are valued chiefly as ingredients in autumn and winter falads, and for fome culinary ufes. The principal feafon of them is from the latter end of Auguft till Chriftmas or longer, according to the temperature of the feafon; though the curled kinds generally retift the frofts of our ordinary winters, and remain in tolerable perfection till March or April. or April. They are propagated by feeds fown in an open fpot of ground, from which the plants are to be removed into open beds or borders, where they may remain to grow to full fize. The feafon for fowing thefe feeds is from the beginning of June to the end of July; and to have a regular fupply of plants, it is proper to perform three different fowings at about three weeks or a month's interval. The great excellence of endive is to have its inner leaves finely whi tened or blanched. They naturally incline to whitenefs of themselves; but this may be greatly improved by art when the plauts are arrived at full growth. Different methods are practifed for this purpose, fuch as tying the leaves together; or taking up the plants, and replanting them directly, almoft to their tops, in ridges of dry earth, laying boards or tiles flat-ways on the top of the plants; but the first is found to anfwer the purpofe moft effectually. The proper time for beginning this work is, when the leaves are almost fuil grown; that is, when they are fo far advanced that the leaves of the different plants interfere with one another, and their hearts are full and bushy: but they are not all to be tied up at once, only a due fupply of the largest and forwardeft plants, once every ten or twelve days according to the demand; for the blanching takes up about three weeks. Blanching in ridges of earth, however, is fometimes practiled in winter, when a fevere froft is fetting in; for by burying them in the earth almoft to their tops, they are more out of the power of the cold. In November, or December, when hard weather is approaching, let a piece of light ground, that lies warm, be trenched up in one or more fharp ridges two or three feet wide at bottom, and near as much in height, fideways to the fun, making the fides as fleep as poffible, that the wet may run quickly off; then, in a dry day, take up a quantity of your full grown

plants,

um.

live under ground; and are, as well as the perfect infects, Cicifboo tigers in their nature, attacking and deftroying all they can overcome.

CICISBEO, an Italian term, which in its etymology fignifies a whisperer; which has been beltowed in Italy both on lovers, and on those who to outward appearance a&t as fuch, attending on married ladies with as much attention and refpect as if they were their lovers. This Italian cuftom has been spoken of very reproachfully by fome writers: Mr Baretti has taken great pains to vindicate it. He afcribes it to a fpirit of gallantry, derived from the ages of chivalry, and much heightened and refined by the revival of the Platonic philofophy in Italy, about the thirteenth century; and by the verfes of Petrarch in compliment to the beautiful Laura, and his numerous imitators.

Cicindela. plants, with their roots entire, and divesting them of damaged leaves, gather each plant clofe in your hand, placing them horizontally in the funny fide of the ridge of earth almoft to their tops, and about fix er eight inches each way diftant. In fevere froft, it will be proper to beftow fome covering on the plants. Medicinal uses. The roots and leaves of the wild fuccory, and feeds of the endive, are articles of the materia medica. The firft has a moderately bitter tafte, with fome degree of roughness; the leaves are fomewhat lefs bitter; and the darker coloured and more deeply jagged they are, the bitterer is their tafte. Wild fuccory is an useful detergent, aperient, and attenuating medicine, acting without much irritation, tending rather to cool than to heat the body; and, at the fame time, corroborating the tone of the inteflines. All the parts of the plant, when wounded, yield a milky faponaceous juice. This, when taken in large quantities, fo as to keep up a gentle diarrhoea, and continued for fome weeks, has been found to produce excellent effects in fcorbutic and other chronical diforders. The qualities of the endive are nearly of the fame kind. The feeds are ranked among the four leffer cold ones.

Plate

CXXXVIII.

Barbut's Infects.

CICINDELA, the SPARKLER, in zoology, a genus of infects belonging to the order of coleoptera. The antennæ are fetaceous; the jaws are prominent, and furnished with teeth; the eyes are a little prominent; and the breast is roundish and marginated. There are 14 fpecies. The campeftris, or field-fparkler, is one of the most beautiful of the genus. The upper part of its body is of a fine green colour, rough, and rather bluish. The under fide, as alfo the legs and antennæ, are of a fhot colour, gold and red, of a copperish caft. The eyes are very prominent, and give the head a broad appearance. The thorax is angular, and narrower than the head; which conftitutes the character of the cicindelæ. It is rough, and of a green colour tinged with gold, as well as the head. The elytra are delicately and irregularly dotted. Each of them has fix white spots, viz. one on the top of the elytrum, at its outward angle: three more along the outward edge, of which the middlemoft forms a kind of lunula: a fifth, on the middle of the elytra, oppofite the lunula; and that one is broader, and tolerably round: laftly, a fixth, at the extremity of the elytra. There is allo femetimes feen a black spot on the middle of each ely trum, oppofite to the fecond white spot. The upper lip is also white, as is the upper fide of the jaws, which are very prominent and fharp. This infect runs with great fwiftness, and flies eafily. It is found in dry fandy places, efpecially in the beginning of fpring. In the fame places its larva is met with, which refembles a long, foft, whitish worm, armed with fix legs, and a brown fcaly head. It makes a perpendicular round hole in the ground, and keeps its head at the entrance of the hole to catch the infects that fall into it; a fpot of ground is fometimes entirely perforated in this manner. The infects belonging to this genus are in general very beautiful, and merit the attention of the curious in their microscopic obfervations; some are minute, though not inferior in fplendor, therefore beft fuited for the amusement. Living fubjects are ever preferable to dead ones. The larvæ of all this genus

CICLUT, or CICLUCH, a ftrong frontier town of Dalmatia, fituated on the river Norentha, in E. Long. 17. 40. N. Lat. 45. 20. It is furrounded with walls built in the ancient manner, and was taken by the Venetians from the Turks in 1694.

CICONES, a people of Thrace near the Hebr us.Ulyffes at his return from Troy conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ifmarus. They tore to piecesOrpheus for his obfcene indulgencies.

CICUTA, properly fignifies an hollow intercepted between two knots, of the ftalks or reeds of which the ancient fhepherds used to make their pipes. It is now, however, generally used to fignify the water hemlock, and alfo the common fort; but Linnæus has described the latter under the old name of CONIUM.. See that article.

There are three fpecies of water-hemlock; the virofa, the bulbifera, and the maculata. Of thefe the first is the only one remarkable, and that for the poifonous qualities of its roots, which have been often known to deftroy children who eat them for parsnips.

CICUTA is alfo ufed, chiefly among the ancients,for the juice or liquor expreffed from the above plant,. being the common poifon wherewith the ftate criminals at Athens were put to death: Though fome have fuggefted, that the poisonous draught to which the Athenians doomed their criminals was an infpiffated: juice compounded of the juice of cicuta and fome other corrofive herbs.

Socrates drank the cicuta.-Plato, in his dialogue: on the immortality of the foul, obferves, that "The executioner advised Socrates not to talk, for fear of cauling the cicuta to operate too flowly." M. Petit, in his Obfervationes Mifcellanea, remarks, that this advertisement was not given by the executioner out of humanity, but to fave the cicuta: for he was only allowed fo much poifon per ann. which, if he exceeded, he was to furnish at his own expence. This conftruction is confirmed by a paffage in Plutarch: the executioner who administered the cicuta to Phocion, not having enough, Phocion gave him money to buy more; obferving by the way, "that it was odd enough, that at Athens a man muft pay for every thing, even his own death."

CID (Roderigo Dias le), a Caftilian officer, who was very fuccefsful againft the Moors, under Ferdinand II. king of Caftile; but whofe name would hardly have been remembered, if Corneille had not made:

Cid.

Cilicia.

Cidaris his paffion for Chimene the fubject of an admired tragedy, founded on a fimple but affecting incident. The Cid is defperately in love with Chimene, daughter of the Count de Gomes: but he is at variance with the Count; and being challenged by him, kills him in a duel. The conflict between love and honour in the breaft of Chimene, who at length pardons and marries the Cid, forms the beauty of the piece. He died in 1998.

CIDARIS, in antiquity, the mitre ufed by the Jewith high priests. The Rabbius fay, that the bonnet ufed by priests in general was made of a piece of linen cloth 16 yards long, which covered their heads like a helmet or turban: and they allow no other difference between the high-prieft's bonnet and that of other priests, than that the one is flatter, and more in the form of a turbant; whereas that worn by ordinary priefts ofe fomething more in a point.

CIGNANI (Carlo), an Italian painter, was born at Bologna in 1628; and was the difciple of Albani. He was efteemed by pope Clement XI. who nominated him prince of the academy of Bologna, and loaded him with favours. Cignani died at Forli in 1719. The cupola of la Madona del Fuoco at Forli, in which he reprefented Paradife, is an admirable work. His principal pictures are at Rome, Bologna, and Forli.

CIGOLI, or CIVOLI, the painter. See CIVOLI. CILIA, the EYE LASHES. See ANATOMY, p. 766. col. 1.

CILIATED LEAF, among botanical writers, one furrounded with parallel filaments fomewhat like the hairs of the eye-lids.

CILICIA, an ancient kingdom of Afia, lying between the 36th and 40th degree of north latitude: bounded on the eaft by Syria, or rather by Mount Amanus, which feparates it from that kingdom; by Pamphylia, on the wet; by Ifauria, Cappadocia, and Armenia Minor, on the north; and by the Mediterranean fea, on the fouth. It is fo furrounded by steep and craggy mountains, chiefly the Taurus and Amanus, that it may be defended by a handful of refolute men against a numerous army, there being but three narrow paffes leading into it, commonly called Pale Cilicia, or the gates of Cilicia; one on the fide of Cappadocia, called the Pufs of Mount Taurus; and the other two called the Pafs of Mount Amanus, and the Pafs of Syria. The whole country was divided by the ancients into Cilicia Afpera, and Cilicia Campeftris; the former called by the Greeks Trachaa or Stony, from its abounding fo with itenes; and to this day the whole province is called by the Turks, Tas Wilcieth, or the Stony Province.

According to Jofephus, Cilicia was firft peopled by Tarfhifh the fen of Javan, and his defcendents, whence the whole country was named Tarfus The ancient inhabitants were in procefs of time driven out by a colony of Phoenicians, who, under the conduct of Cilix, firft fettled in the ifland of Cyprus, and from thence poffed into the country which, from the leader, they called Cilicia. Afterwards, feveral other colonies from different nations fettled in this kingdom, particularly from Syria and Greece; whence the Cilicians in fome places ufed the Greek tongue, in others the Syriac; but the former greatly corrupted by the Perfian, the predominant language of the country be

N. 81.

ing a dialect of that tongue. We find no mention of Cilicia. the kings of Cilicia after their fettlement in that country, till the time of Cyrus, to whom they voluntarily fubmitted, continuing fubject to the Perians till the overthrow of that empire; but governed to the time of Artaxerxes Mnemon, by kings of their own nation. After the downfal of the Perfian empire, Cilicia became a province of that of Macedon; and, on the death of Alexander, fell to the fhare of Seleucus, and continued under his defcendents till it was reduced to a Roman province by Pompey. As a proconfular province, it was firft governed by Appius Claudius Pulcher; and after him by Cicero, who reduced feveral trong holds on Mount Amanus, in which fome Cilicians had fortified themselves, and held out against his predeceffor. It was on this occafion that the divifion, formerly mentioned, into Trachea and Campetris, took place. The latter became a Roman province; but the former was governed by kings appointed by the Romans, till the reign of Vefpafian, when the family of Tracondementus being extinct, this part alfo made a province of the empire, and the whole divided into Cilicia Prima, Cilicia Secunda, and Ifauria ; the first took in all Cilicia Campestris, the fecond the coaft of Cilicia Trachea, and the laft the inland parts of the fame divifion. It is now a province of Aliatic Turky; and is called Caramania, having been the laft province of the Caramanian kingdom which held out against the Ottoman race.

That part of Cilicia called by the ancients Cilicia Campeftris, was, if we believe Ammianus Marcellinus, one of the most fruitful countries of Afia; but the

weftern part equally barren, though famous, even to this day, for an excellent breed of horfes, of which 600 are yearly fent to Conftantinople for the fpecial ufe of the Grand Signior. The air in the inland parts is reckoned wholefome; but that on the fea-coall very dangerous, efpecially to ftrangers."

The rivers of any note are the Pyramus, which rises on the north fide of mount Taurus, and empties itself into the Mediterranean between Iffus and Magaraffus ; and the Cydnus, which fprings from the Antitaurus, paffes through Tarfus, and difembogues itfelf into the Moliterranean. This laft is famous for the rapidity of its ftream, and the coldnefs of its waters, which proved very dangerous to Alexander the Great.

The Cilicians, if we believe the Greek and Roman hiftorians, were a rough unpolished race of people, unfair in their dealings, cruel, and liars even to a proverb. In the Roman times, they became greatly addicted to piracy. They first began, in the time of the Mithri datic war, to infeit the neighbouring provinces along with the Pamphylians; and, being emboldened with fuccefs, they foon ventured as far as the coafts of Greece and Italy, where they took a vast number of flaves, whom they fold to the Cypriots and the kings of Egypt and Syria. They were, however, at last defeated and entirely fuppreffed by Pompey the Great. See (Hiflory of) ROME.

CILICIA Terra, in the natural hiftory of the ancients, a bituminous fubftance improperly called an earth, which, by boiling, became tough like bird-lime, and was used instead of that fubftance to cover the ftocks of the vines for preferving them from the worms. It probably ferved in this office in a fort of double ca

pacity,