of examiners, or without having been in actual practice prior to the 1st of August, 1815.

In the constructions by the courts under these acts it is held that an apothecary who claims an exemption, on account of having practised prior to the 1st of August, must have actually exercised his proper vocation,—namely, the making up a physician's prescription; without this, unless he has received a certificate, he cannot recover for medicines, Apothecaries' Company v. Warburton, 3 B. & A. 40.

The right of an apothecary to charge for attendance has been decided to be not matter of law, but to be implied from the usage of the place, Smith v. Chambers, 2. Phillips, 221.

V. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS.

Certain persons desirous of advancing chemistry and pharmacy, and of promoting an uniform system of education among those who practice the same, formed themselves into a society called "The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain." This society was incorporated by royal charter, February 18, 1843, whereby it was provided that the society should consist of members who were chemists and druggists, or who had been established as such on their own account at the date of the charter, or who had been examined and certified at the council of the society as qualified for admission. For extending the objects of the society and the prevention of ignorant and incompetent persons assuming the title of pharmaceutical chemists, the 15 & 16 V. c. 56 enacts, that the charter of this society shall be confirmed, except as altered by the

act.

Under this act, by s. 2, power is given to the council to alter the by-laws, and to appoint a registrar, who is to make and keep a register of the members of the society, of associates, and students or apprentices. All persons being such are entitled to be registered. Persons are to be appointed to conduct examinations, whose certificates will grant right of registry. The council are also required to appoint examiners for Scotland, who have the same powers as the examiners in England. No member of the medical profession, or who is practising under the right of a degree of any university, or diploma or license of a medical body, to be entitled to be registered; and if any person who is registered become such, he is thereby disqualified from remaining on the register.

Any person who is not registered assuming the title of pharmaceutical chemist, incurs a penalty of £5. Registrar falsifying register, &c., guilty of misdemeanor. Persons forging false certificates guilty of misdemeanor.

The act contains no provision forbidding chemists and druggists, or others, who do not assume the title of pharmaceutical chemists, from dispensing medicine.

VI. ANATOMISTS.

The 2 & 3 W. 4, c. 75, after reciting the necessity of anatomical examinations for the cure and prevention of diseases, empowers the home secretary for Britain and chief secretary for Ireland, to grant licenses to practice anatomy to any physician, surgeon, or medical practitioner, or to any student attending any school of anatomy, on application from the party, countersigned by two justices, certifying that the applicant is about to carry on the practice of anatomy.

Three or more inspectors to be appointed, with salaries not exceeding £100 each and expenses, who are to inspect places of anatomy, and make quarterly returns of subjects removed for dissection. Persons having lawful possession of bodies may submit them to dissection, unless the deceased had expressed a wish in his last illness to the contrary, or a known relative shall require the body to be interred without anatomical examination. A relative may object to dissection, although the deceased had expressed such to be his wish, after death. No body to be removed from the place of death till forty-eight hours after, nor till after twenty-hour hours' notice to the inspector; or if no inspector be appointed, to some neighbouring medical person; nor unless a certificate, stating the cause of death, be signed by a medical person who had attended the deceased, or by a medical person called in after death, who to the best of his knowledge shall state the cause thereof, but who shall not be concerned in examining the body after removal; such certificate to be given to the party receiving the body for dissection. Anatomists not to receive or examine bodies without certificate. ⚫ Anatomists on receiving a body to demand a certificate, to insert a copy thereof in a book, and within twenty-four hours transmit certificate to the inspector, with a return of the day, hour, and from whom the body was received, the date and place of death, the sex and (if known) the name, age, and last place of abode of the deceased. Book to be produced to inspector when required. Anatomy not to be practiced until one week's notice of the place has been given to the secretary. Bodies to be placed in a decent coffin or shell before removal for examination, and provision made by the parties removing them for their decent interment after: a certificate of such interment to be transmitted to the inspector within six weeks after the body was received. A licensed person

not liable to prosecution or punishment for having in his possession for examination, or for examining, any body according to the act. Act does not prohibit any post-mortem examination required to be made by competent legal authority. Bodies of murderers, prohibited to be dissected, but may be buried within the precincts of the prison in which they had been confined prior to conviction, ss. 2-16. Persons offending against the act liable to imprison

ment, not exceeding three months, or to a fine not exceeding £50, s. 18.

VII. ACT REGULATING MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS.

The 21 & 22 V. c. 90, regulates the qualifications of practitioners in medicine and surgery; so that persons requiring medical aid may be enabled to distinguish qualified from unqualified practitioners. The act commenced October 1, 1858.

By s. 3, the General Council of Medical Education and Registration for the United Kingdom is established with branch councils in England, Scotland, and Ireland. The general council to consist of one person chosen from each of the several medical colleges and universities of London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Aberdeen, Glasgow, Oxford, Cambridge, and Durham, together with six persons nominated by her Majesty, with advice of privy council, four of whom to be appointed for England, and one each for Scotland and Ireland. Members of the general council to form branch councils for such parts of the United Kingdom to which branch councils shall be delegated, with the powers and duties prescribed by the general council. The president to be a member of all the branch councils. The members of the general council must be qualified to be registered under the act. Members of general council to be chosen for five years, and to be capable of re-election, or of resignation by letter to the president. General council to hold its first meeting within three months from the commencement of the act, at such time and place as secretary of state may appoint, and the council to frame rules as to the place and time of meetings; or, in the absence of rules, the president to summon by letter addressed to each member. Acts of the council to be decided by the votes of a majority, being not less than eight members present; president to vote, and in case of equality to have casting vote. Power of council to appoint an executive committee, of which not less than three to form a quorum. Registrar, treasurer, and other officers, to be appointed by the council. Fees for attendance and reasonable travelling expenses allowed, as fixed by general council and approved by secretary of state, s. 22.

Qualifications for Registry.-By s. 15, every person now possessed or becoming possessed of any one or more of the subjoined qualifications shall, on payment of a fee not exceeding £2, in respect of qualification obtained before January 1, 1859 [July 1, 1859, by 22 V. c. 21], and not exceeding £5, in respect of qualification obtained on and after that day, be entitled to be registered, on producing to the registrar of the branch council the document evidencing the qualification on which he seeks to be registered. Name and address, and evidence, may be sent by post. Subjoined are the qualifications required by schedule A for registration -1. Fellow, licentiate, or extra licentiate of the

Royal College of Physicians of London. 2. Fellow or licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 3. Fellow or licentiate of the King and Queen's College of Physicians of Ireland. 4. Fellow or member, or licentiate in midwifery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 5. Fellow or licentiate of the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 6. Fellow or licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. 7. Fellow or licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland. 8. Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, London. 9. Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin. 10. Doctor, bachelor, or licentiate of medicine or master in surgery of any university of the United Kingdom; or doctor of medicine by doctorate granted prior to act by the Archbishop of Canterbury. 11. Doctor of medicine of any foreign or colonial university or college, practising as physician in the United Kingdom before October 1858, who shall produce certificate to satisfaction of council of having taken his degree of M. D. after regular examination, or who shall satisfy council, under s. 45 of the act, that there is sufficient reason for admitting him to be registered.

The above colleges and bodies may transmit to the registrar lists certified under seal of persons qualified to be registered, stating name, residence, and qualification, and paying the fees. Persons practising in England before August 1, 1815, entitled to be registered. General council may require information as to course of study and examination of the colleges and bodies giving a qualification. Colleges and bodies may unite for conducting examinations, and defects in study or examination may be represented to privy council, s. 20. Upon such representation, privy council may suspend right of registration in respect of qualification, s. 21. By s. 23, privy council may prohibit attempts to impose restrictions as to any theory of medicine or surgery by bodies entitled to grant certificates of qualification.

By s. 27, the general council to publish every year a correct register of the names, residence, and qualification of all persons on the register on the 1st of January in each year, to be called "The Medical Register," and the same to be evidence of registry or non-registry in courts of justice and before justices of the peace. Medical practitioner once convicted of felony may be struck off the register.

Privileges by Registry.-By s. 31, every person registered is entitled according to his qualification to practise medicine or surgery, or medicine and surgery, in any part of her Majesty's dominions, and recover in any court of law, with full costs of suit, reasonable charges for professional aid, advice, and visits, and the cost of any medicine or other medical or surgical appliance rendered or applied to his patients. But the College of Physicians may pass a by-law that none of their fellows shall sue under the act, and such by-law may be pleaded in law to an action by a

member of the college. After January 1, 1859, none but persons registered will be entitled to recover by law their charges. Poorlaw officers not disqualified to hold their offices, if registered within six months of the passing of the act (August 2, 1858). After January 1, 1859, no person to be considered a legally or duly qualified medical practitioner, or recognized in law as a member of the medical profession, unless registered. Registered persons exempted from serving on juries and inquests, from all corporate, ward, hundred, or township offices, or trom serving in the militia. Unregistered persons disqualified to hold any appointment as physician, surgeon, or other medical officer in the military or naval services; in emigrant or other vessels; or in any hospital, infirmary, dispensary, or lying-in hospital, not supported wholly by voluntary contributions; or in any lunatic asylum, gaol, penitentiary, house of correction or industry, parochial or union workhouse, or other public establishment; or in any friendly or other society; or be a medical officer of health. But not to alter provisions of Ship Passengers Act of 1855.

Penalties. By s. 37, no certificate of any medical practitioner will be valid if signed by one unregistered. Registrar falsifying a register, or any matter relative to registration, liable to twelve months' imprisonment. Obtaining registration by any false statement subjects to like punishment. Falsely pretending to be a registered practitioner subjects, on summary conviction, to a penalty of £20.

By s. 45, notice of death of medical practitioner in the United Kingdom to be given to the registrar. General council by special order may dispense with such provisions of the act or their own regulations, as they think fit, in favour of persons now practising in the colonies; also in favour of persons practising in the United Kingdom, on foreign or colonial diplomas or degrees, before the passing of the act; also in favour of persons who have held medical appointments in army or navy, service of East India Company, or are acting as surgeons in public service or service of any charitable institution; also in favour of medical students who have commenced their studies before commencement of the act.

By s. 47, a new charter may be granted to the Royal College of Physicians, with such alterations as may be expedient. A charter may be granted to Royal College of Surgeons to hold examinations for testing the fitness of persons to practise as dentists, and to grant certificates of fitness. Charter may be granted to College of Physicians of Edinburgh; that is, if the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, agree to amalgamate, a charter may be granted them; and a charter may be granted to King's and Queen's College of Ireland. Such charters not to contain new restrictions as to the practice of medicine.

Provisions of 17 & 18 V. c. 114, as to University of London