appointed Territorial Governor of Kansas, 1856. Served in the Union Army during the Civil War; Governor of Pennsylvania, 1867-73. Born at Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania, December 30, 1819; died at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, February 8, 1873.

General of the Army, once the highest grade in the service. It had been held by Washington for a short time in 1799, and then lapsed. It was revived for General U. S. Grant, who was appointed thereto July 25, 1866. On his election to the Presidency, General W. T. Sherman was nominated to succeed him. It was decreed by Congress that this grade and of Lieutenant-General were to lapse after the retirement of Generals Sherman and Sheridan. rank of Lieutenant-General is, however, still maintained, but the grade of General is now non-existent.

The

General Taylor Never Surrenders, was the reply of Mr. Crittenden, who had gone to Santa Anna's headquarters, to an offer of protection to General Zachary Taylor if the latter would surrender. This was at the battle of Buena Vista, in the Mexican War.

Genet, Citizen, was the name commonly given to Edmond Charles Genet, who arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, in April, 1793, as ambassador from France to the United States. This was during the French Revolution. Monarchy had been overthrown and the king beheaded. A reign of terror ensued and France was at war with England and other European nations. Genet's object was to secure the active assistance of the United States, and he relied largely on the Treaty of 1778 between our country and France. After consultation with his Cabinet, and by their unanimous advice, Washington, on April 22, 1793, issued a proclamation declaring the complete neutrality of the United States. Genet, trusting to the sympathy of the people for the country that had rendered so much assistance in the Revolution, and to their hatred for England, used violent language to our executive government, organized secret political societies, enlisted men for expeditions against Florida and New Orleans (then Spanish possessions), and fitted out privateers from our ports. His defiance of the government and his efforts to

discredit the administration in the eyes of the American people finally alienated their support of his course, and led President Washington to ask his recall by the French government. In January, 1794, Washington was able to announce that this request had been complied with. Genet passed the remainder of his life in New York, where he was married and naturalized.

Geneva Award. The settlement of the Alabama Claims was referred by the Treaty of Washington to five arbitrators, to be appointed by the President of the United States, the Queen of Great Britain, the King of Italy, the President of the Swiss Confederation and the Emperor of Brazil. These rulers, in the above order, named as arbitrators Charles Francis Adams, Lord Chief Justice Sir Alexander Cockburn, Count Federigo Sclopis, Mr. Jaques Staempfli and Baron Itajuba. J. C. Bancroft Davis and Lord Tenterden, respectively, represented as agents the United States and Great Britain. The tribunal met at Geneva, Switzerland, on December 15, 1871, and Count Sclopis was made president. Each government submitted its proofs and arguments, which were carefully considered by the arbitrators. The United States claimed damages both for direct and for indirect losses, and for injuries occasioned by thirteen vessels. The tribunal decided to allow only direct losses caused by the Florida and the Alabama, with their tenders, and by the Shenandoah during part of her cruise. Various rules of international law were laid down which supported most of the contentions of our government. It was decided that the expenses incurred in pursuing the cruisers and the prospective earnings of the destroyed merchant vessels should not be included in the award; that net, and not gross, freights should be allowed, and that reasonable interest should be included. Finally, on the 14th of September, 1872, the tribunal "awarded to the United States a sum of $15,500,000 in gold as the indemnity to be paid by Great Britain to the United States as the satisfaction of all the claims referred to the consideration of the tribunal." The English representative cast the only dissenting vote, but Great Britain accepted the decision and paid the award within a year.

Geneva Tribunal. (See Geneva Award.)

Gentleman George. A name applied to George H. Pendleton, of Ohio. Pendleton was born in Ohio in 1825. In 1879 he was elected United States Senator, and was, in 1885, appointed United States Minister to Germany. He was a Democrat. Died November 24, 1889.

George, Henry, was born in Philadelphia, September 2, 1839. While very young he went to sea; ultimately he settled in California where he became a journalist. In 1879 his book, "Progress and Poverty," was published. In this he states his well-known theory that the rise of land values is the cause of want, and that the remedy lies in taxing land to its full rent value. In 1886 he was nominated as mayor of the city of New York by the United Labor party, receiving 68,110 votes to 90,552 cast for the Democratic and 60,435 for the Republican candidate. He subsequently founded the Standard, a weekly newspaper devoted to labor interests. He died at New York City, October 29, 1897.

Georgia was one of the original States of the Union. On January 19, 1861, a State convention passed an ordinance of secession, and Georgia was re-admitted to the Union by act of June 25, 1868; but the State was considered by Congress to have failed in complying with its reconstruction policy and the re-admission was not complete till made so by act of July 15, 1870. The capital is Atlanta. It was named as a colony in honor of George II, King of England, and is called popularly the Empire State of the South. (See Cherokee Case; Territories; Yazoo Fraud.)

Gerry, Elbridge, was born at Marblehead, Massachusetts, July 17, 1744, and died November 23, 1814. He was a graduate of Harvard. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1780 and 1783 to 1785. He was a member of the Convention of 1787. He was in Congress from 1789 to 1793, and was a commissioner to France. (See X. Y. Z. Mission.) He was elected VicePresident in 1812 on the Republican (Democratic-Republican) ticket, and died in office.

Gerrymander. Gerrymandering is the process of so arranging electoral districts as to give a majority of Congressmen, or State legislators, as the case may be, to the