of which he took no notice, but when it was put into his hand he drank it off without exhibiting any sign of an unpleasant sensation. Dr. Mesnet propounds the question whether in this perfect rendering of the three ballads he heard his own voice, or whether the singing was purely as automatic as his other actions. The attack came to an end before they could make an experiment to test this question. When the sergeant is in his abnormal state, it is impossible to awaken him to his normal state, whatever fforts be made. No effect is produced either by stimulation or by strong electrical currents. On one occasion he was seized suddenly by the shoulders and thrown violently upon the grass; he manifested no emotion, but, after feeling the turf with his hands, raised himself again, calm and impassive.

A remarkable a ure in the case is that the sergeant becomes a veritable kleptomaniac during the attacks. He purloins everything that he can lay his hands on, and conceals what he takes under the quilt, the mattress, or elsewhere. This tendency to take and hide has shown itself in each attack. He is content with the most trifling articles, and if he finds nothing belonging to some one else to steal, he hides, with all the appearance of secresy, although surrounded at the time by persons observing him, various things belonging to himself, such as his knife, watch, pocket-book. His other actions during an attack are repetitions of his former habits these acts of stealing are not so.

;

If I understand Dr. Mesnet correctly, he is acquainted with another individual who contrives means for committing suicide when he is in an abnormal somnambulistic state. "I have been present," he says, "at two attempts at suicide, one by poisoning, the other by hanging, which I have allowed to proceed to the extreme limit of an experiment, having cut the cord at the moment of asphyxia." He surmises that another person might in the same way perpetrate homicide or become an incendiary, not knowing what he was doing at the time, and not remembering, after the attack had passed off, what he had done.

The resemblance between the sergeant's abnormal states and those transitory attacks of epileptic unconsciousness during which the patient, unconscious of surrounding objects, continues automatically the act which he was engaged in at the t me of his seizure, will be apparent. In this relation it is interesting to note that Dr. Darwin, the distinguished author of the Zoonomia, called attention long ago to the affinity between epilepsy and somnambulism.

(p. 337)." It will easily appear from the observations here made upon words, and the associations which adhere to them, that

the languages of different ages and nations must bear a general resemblance to each other, and yet have considerable particular differences; whence any one may be translated into any other, so as to convey the same ideas in general, and yet not with perfect precision and exactness. They must resemble one another because the phenomena of nature, which they are all intended to express, and the uses and exigencies of human life, to which they minister, have a general resemblance. But then, as the bodily make and genius of each people, the air, soil, and climate, commerce, arts, science, religion, &c., make considerable differences in different ages and nations, it is natural to expect that the languages should have proportionable differences in respect of each other."-HARTLEY'S Theory of The Human Mind, by Dr. Priestley.

"Wherefore, as men owe all their true ratiocination to the right understanding of speech, so also they owe their errors to the misunderstanding of the same; and as all the ornaments of philosophy proceed only from men, so from man also is derived the ugly absurdity of false opinions. For speech has something in it like to a spider's web (as it was said of old of Solon's laws), for by contexture of words tender and delicate wits are ensnared and stopped; but strong wits break easily through them."-HOBBES, vol. i. p. 36.

CHAPTER VI.

THE EMOTIONS OR AFFECTIONS OF MIND.

MAN is patient and agent; he suffers certain passions and does certain actions. A calm deliberation involves an equilibrium between suffering and doing, between the individual and his surroundings; but in so far as an idea is attended with some feeling, whether of pleasure or of pain, or of a more special character, it is to that extent emotional; and if the feeling preponderate, the idea is obscured and the state of mind is then called an emotion or a passion. The definite form of the idea in the material substratum is obscured or partially lost in the agitation or commotion of the nerve elements. Every definite emotion involves the presence of a more or less clear idea of object or event, either presentative or representative, wherefore it cannot be separated from the idea; and the idea, being rooted in sensation, always contains some feeling, even if only a feeling that it is agreeable or disagreeable. In the simplest mental experience there is a subjective as well as an objective element; for in the earliest perception there is feeling. Strictly speaking, all conscious psychical states are, at first, feelings; but, after having been experienced several times, they are adequately and definitely organized, and become almost auto matic or indifferent under ordinary circumstances. So long as the ideas or mental states are not adequately organized in correspondence with the individual's external

relations, more or less feeling will attend their excitation: they will, in fact, be more or less emotional. When the equilibrium between the subjective and objective is duly established, there is no passion and there is but little emotion.(1) A person who is governed by his feelings is much like one who should live in the stage of simple sensation without going on to the higher stage of perception; and as the stronger the sensation the less exact and complete is the perception, so the more active the emotion the less adequate is the cognition.

It has been the custom to write of the phenomena of the human mind as if they stood quite apart from other natural phenomena, belonged to an order of their own, and did not conform to the order of nature; as if man were a law unto himself, exercising an authority independent of nature, whose function was to control, not to conform to, its order. But he has no such independent authority; he controls only by conforming, conquers only by obeying; he is controlled in spite of himself if he does not conform, yielding painfully through suffering an obedience which he might yield cheerfully through wise action. Emotions, good or bad, are physical phenomena which have their roots in the organic life, conform to natural laws in their origin, nature and expression, and must be studied and discussed like other natural phenomena. With a boldness and thoroughness which horrified metaphysicians, Spinoza treated of human actions, appetites and emotions after the geometrical method, precisely as if they were questions of lines, planes and solids While recognising the service which he did to philosophy by insisting upon their being put in the same order with other natural phenomena and studied by the same methods, one can easily see now that the exact method was not suited to such complex phenomena, and that the best hope of fruitful results lies in the careful adoption of the inductive method of inquiry.

Emotions betray their physical nature by their name, which has been given them because of their being movements of mind and body; the name is really an induction embodying the experience of mankind, the old name of commotions which they had evincing this still more plainly. They act more powerfully upon the organism than ideas, because they represent a more violent internal movement, and because the whole system of the organic life is more deeply implicated in their origin, nature and expression. To all appearances a violent emotion may act sometimes in the same way as a strong physical shock to the nervous system, for it may produce in some instances convulsions, fainting, loss of sensation, paralysis of movement, deafness; exactly the effects which a strong electric shock may produce. We have not then to do with mysterious self-determining agencies: we have to do with phenomena which, complex as they unquestionably are, will eventually receive a complete analysis.

It has been sufficiently evident, up to the present point, that the condition of the nervous centres is of the greatest consequence in respect of the formation of the so-called mental faculties, and of the manifestation of their functions; it will now be seen that this condition is of still more manifest importance in regard to the phenomena of the emotions. Every one's experience teaches him that an idea which is at one time indifferent, being accompanied by no feeling of pleasure or discomfort, may, at another time, be attended by some feeling of discomfort, or become positively painful. And it requires no very attentive observation of men to discover that different persons are very differently affected by one and the same object, and often pass very different judgments upon it in consequence. So much is this the case that we are in the constant habit of distinguishing men by the difference of their emotional disposition or of the temper of their minds, and of speaking accordingly of one man