anchors hanging by the cable perpendicularly from the hawse unless the ring shall be awash except during such time as may be necessary for fishing or catting such anchor or anchors or for getting such vessel under way or for bringing up.1

A breach of this rule does not render a vessel liable for damage unless the breach contributed to the collision."

carry the anchor with the The rule only requires it

It is not an infringement of this rule to shackle awash or with the ring under water. to be carried as low as ring awash, and does not prohibit it from being carried lower.3

12-No steam vessel shall be worked navigated or placed upon or anchored or moored in the river within 360 feet of Her Majesty's dockyard or arsenal at Woolwich or of Her Majesty's victualling yard at Deptford except steam vessels belonging to or employed in the service of Her Majesty her heirs or successors and no vessel shall be anchored in the river within a similar distance of the powder hulk Thalia belonging to Her Majesty lying off the said arsenal except for the purpose of loading or discharging explosives out of or into such powder hulk.

See also Deptford Bye-law 4, ante, p. 138, and Woolwich Bye-law 7, post, p. 376.

13. The engine or engines of any steam vessel shall not be set in motion during the time such steam vessel is moored in the river except with the permission of the Conservators or their harbour master.

14. The master of every steam vessel navigating the river shall be on one of the paddle-boxes or on the bridge of such steam vessel and shall keep or cause to be kept a proper look-out during the whole of the time it is under way and shall remove or cause to be removed any person other than the crew who shall be on the paddle-boxes or bridge of such steam vessel.

1

Compare The City of Delhi (1887) 6 Asp. 269.

2 The Monte Rosa, [1893] P. 23; The Rose of England (1888), 6 Asp. 304; The Margaret (1881), 6 P. D. 76.

3 The J. R. Hinde, [1892] P. 231.

Above Teddington Lock this Bye-law shall apply only to steam vessels used for the carriage of passengers or for purposes of excursions which are not steered from the bows or bridge.

16. No lighter or sailing barge shall be navigated on the river below Battersea Bridge without having a freeboard of at least 15 inches such freeboard to be measured amidships and coamings (if any) may be included in such measurement but in no case must the top of the deck or gunwale be less than 3 inches above the water's edge when such craft is decked and hatched or less than 6 inches above the water's edge when such craft is open.

17.-Any person engaged in navigating or employed on or using or being in upon or about the river or the banks or towing paths thereof or any land of the Conservators who shall be intoxicated or make use of obscene scandalous abusive indecent or improper language to any officer of the Conservators whilst employed in the performance of the duties of his office or to the annoyance of any person who shall be in upon or about the river or the banks or towing paths thereof or any land of the Conservators or who shall obstruct any officer of the Conservators in the execution of his duty shall be deemed to have committed a breach of these Bye-laws and be liable to the penalty hereinafter mentioned.

18. The master or owner of any vessel entering or leaving the Thames subject to the payment of duties of tonnage and which has not been entered at the office of Her Majesty's Customs and on which the duties of tonnage have not been paid to the receiver there shall furnish the Conservators for the purpose of registration with full particulars of the name tonnage and owner of such vessel and the port to which she belongs and shall send a return once in every month of the arrival and departure of such vessel during the preceding month to the office of the Conservators and shall pay to the Conservators the duties of tonnage which are then payable for each time of arrival in

and departure from the river pursuant to the Thames Conservancy Act 1894.

19. Any pier or jetty in the river or on the shore thereof shall be lighted or marked in such manner as the Conservators may from time to time direct.

20.-No vessel shall be moored to or remain at any pier or premises belonging to the Conservators without the permission of the officer in charge of such pier or premises being first obtained and shall move away when ordered by such officer so to do.

22.-All vessels navigating the river shall be navigated singly and separately except small boats fastened together or towed alongside or astern of other vessels and except vessels towed by steam.

23.-Vessels towed by steam navigating the river below the Albert Bridge at Chelsea shall if more than two in number be placed two abreast (except vessels trading on any canal and not exceeding 14 feet 9 inches in width which may be placed three abreast) and not more than six' of any such vessels shall be towed together at the same time and no tow of vessels shall exceed in length the following limits namely:

Above London Bridge.

Between London Bridge and the land

ing place at the end of Trinity

Street Charlton

Below the said landing place

400 feet

320 feet

to be calculated from the stern of the vessel towing to the stern of the aftermost vessel towed.

24.-Vessels towed by steam navigating the river between the Albert Bridge at Chelsea and Kingston Bridge may if more than two in number be placed two abreast (except vessels trading on any canal and not exceeding 14 feet 9 inches in width which may be placed

1 Cf. Gadney v. Rough (1879), 40 L. T. 258.

three abreast) or may be placed in a single line but not more than six of any such vessels shall be towed together at the same time and the distance between any two of the vessels so towed shall not exceed 50 feet.

25.-Vessels towed by steam navigating the river above Kingston Bridge shall be placed in a single line and not more than four such vessels shall be towed together at the same time and the distance between any two of the vessels so towed shall not exceed 40 feet.

26.-No vessel exceeding 301 feet in length and in the case of a paddle-wheel steamer exceeding 65 feet in width measured from the outside of the paddle-boxes and in the case of other vessels exceeding 36 feet in width which is used only or principally for the carriage of passengers or for the purposes of excursions shall be navigated in the river above Blackwall Pier.

For the purposes of this Bye-law the length of a vessel shall be deemed to be the length appearing in her certificate of registry.

27.—Any lighter navigating the river shall when under way have at least one competent man constantly on board for the navigation and management thereof and all such craft exceeding 50 tons but of not more than 150 tons burden shall when under way have one man in addition and all such craft exceeding 150 tons burden shall when under way have two men in addition on board to assist in the navigation and management of the same with the following exceptions:-When being towed by a steam vessel or when being moved to and fro between any vessels or places a distance not exceeding 200 yards.

The word "burden" in this Bye-law shall have the same meaning as the expression "burden tonnage" defined by the Thames Watermen's and Lightermen's Act 1893.1

By the Thames Watermen's and Lightermen's Act, 1893, "burden

1 56 & 57 Vict. c. lxxxi.

tonnage" means "weight-carrying capacity," and is ascertained by the following calculation:

(1) Measure

A. Length of craft over all;

B. Width of craft over all amidships, deducting 2 inches on each side for outwales or rubbing pieces; and

C. Depth of craft amidships from under side of deck or gunwale plank to upper side of ceiling.

(2) Multiply together length, width, and depth of craft as so ascertained, and the product by the factor 8 (decimal 8), and divide the result by 100;

(3) The result so obtained to be deemed the tonnage of craft by measurement; and

(4) The tonnage by measurement of craft multiplied by five-thirds, to be deemed the weight-carrying capacity or burden tonnage of craft.

Lights and Signals Steering and Sailing.

Preliminary.

In obeying and construing the following Bye-laws relating to lights and signals and steering and sailing due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and of collision and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from them necessary in order to avoid immediate danger.

Nothing in the following Bye-laws shall exonerate any vessel or the owner master or crew thereof from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals or to keep a proper look-out or of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen or by the special circumstances of the case.

The Bye-laws as to lights shall be complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise and during such time no other lights which may be mistaken for the lights prescribed by the Bye-laws shall be exhibited.

In the following Bye-laws every steam vessel which is under sail and not under steam is to be considered a sailing vessel and every vessel under steam whether under sail or not is to be considered a steam vessel.